1.发芽期：播种后20天左右幼苗开始出土。从芽萌生至出苗是发芽期，进行主茎第一段的生长，发芽期生长的中心在芽的伸长，发根和形成匍匐茎，营养和水分主要靠种薯，按茎叶和根的顺序供给。
Germination period：Seedlings began to be unearthed about 20 days after sowing. From Bud initiation to seedling emergence is the germination period, the growth of the first segment of the main stem is carried out, and the center of the germination period is the elongation of the bud, the roots and the formation of the stolons. Nutrition and water mainly depend on the seeds of the potato, and are supplied in the order of stems and leaves and roots.
2.幼苗期：25天左右幼苗长高。从出苗到第六叶或第八叶展平，即完成一个叶序的生长，成为“团棵”，是主茎第二段生长，为土豆的幼苗期。幼苗期经过的时间比较短，不论春作或秋作，只有短短半个多月。
Seedling period：Seedlings grow tall about 25 days. From the seedling to the sixth leaf or the eighth leaf, it completes the growth of a leaf sequence and becomes a "cluster tree". It is the second growth of the main stem and is the seedling period of the potato. The time passed during the young seedling period is relatively short, regardless of spring or autumn, only a little more than half a month.
3.发棵开花期：45天左右土豆苗开花。从团棵到第十二或第十六叶展平，早熟品种以第一花序开花；晚熟品种以第二花序开花，为土豆的发棵期，为时一个月左右，是主茎第三段的生长。发棵期主茎开始急剧拔高，占总高度50%左右，主茎叶已全部建成，并有分枝及分枝叶的扩展。
Flowering period：About 45 days the potato seedlings bloom. From the group tree to the twelfth or sixteenth leaf, the precocious varieties bloom in the first inflorescence; The late-ripened varieties bloom in the second inflorescence, which is the flowering period of the potato. It is about one month and is the growth of the third stem. During the initiation period, the main stem began to rise sharply, accounting for about 50 % of the total height. The main stem and leaf have all been built, and there are branches and branches.
4.结薯期：90天左右土豆可以收获。即茎块的形成期，发棵期完成后，便进入以块茎生长为主的结薯期，此期茎叶生长日益减少，基部叶片开始转黄和枯萎，植株各部分的有机养分不断向块茎输送，块茎随之加快膨大，尤其在开花期后10天膨大最快。结薯期的长短受气候条件，病害和品种熟性等影响，一般在30-50天。
Potato period:Potatoes can be harvested in about 90 days. That is, after the stem block formation period is completed, it enters the tuber growing stage, which is dominated by tuber growth. During this period, the stem and leaf growth are decreasing, the base leaves begin to turn yellow and wither, and the organic nutrients in each part of the plant are continuously transported to the tubers. The tubers then accelerate their expansion. Especially in the 10 days after the flowering period. The length of the potato season is affected by climatic conditions, disease and variety maturity, and is generally 30-50 days.
扩展资料：
1.土豆，又名马铃薯，洋山芋，茄科茄属，高15-80厘米，无毛或被疏柔毛。茎分地上茎和地下茎两部分。土豆是中国五大主食之一，其营养价值高、适应力强、产量大，是全球第三大重要的粮食作物，仅次于小麦和玉米。
2.土豆是块茎繁殖，可入药，性平味甘，可以治胃痛、痄肋、痈肿等疾病。作为食物，其保存周期不宜太长，一定要低温、干燥、密闭保存。
3.土豆的生产对温度有严格的的要求：块茎生长适温是16℃-18℃，当地温高于25℃时，块茎停止生长；茎叶生长对的适温是15℃-25℃，超过39℃停止生长。
参考资料：
1.Sow the seeds and cut them into a bud. If you are too small, you can leave two. Put one at each point.
2.During germination, buds begin to germinate and germinate from tubers.
3.The seedling stage is 20-25 days from seedling emergence to buds.
4.During the tuber formation period, the tuber growth was divided into 3 stages. The 20-25 day from bud to flower is called early stage of stem formation. It is the second stage from the flowering to the end. The third stage is starch accumulation period, which is the end stage of tuber formation.
5.A dormant period when the tuber is formed into a dormant period. At this time, even if potatoes are placed in a suitable environment, they can not germinate. This is called physiological dormancy.
Expanding information:
Potato ( scientific name: Solanum tubosum L. ) is a perennial herb of solanaceae, with edible tubers. it is the fourth most important food crop in the world, after wheat, rice and corn. Potatoes are also called eggs, potatoes, potato, etc. tubers of solanaceae plants. With wheat, rice, corn and sorghum, it has become the world's five largest crops.
Potato originated in the Andean region of south America. the history of artificial cultivation can be traced back to the southern region of Peru from 8000 BC to 5000 BC.
参考资料:百度百科 马铃薯
英文如下：
Potatoes are usually grown from other potatoes. You plant a whole, small potato, or a piece of a larger one for a new plant. The whole potato or cut piece has several slightly recessed, dormant buds or "eyes" on the surface. When conditions are right, these buds will sprout, whether the potatoes are in the ground or in a kitchen cupboard. The sprouts then develop into independent plants.
Starting From Seed
The cut potato piece or "seed" piece provides the new sprout or seedling with nourishment from its supply of stored starch.
After you've planted a seed piece, it usually takes one to two weeks for the main stem and first leaves to appear above ground. The root system develops quickly and begins to absorb nutrients as the food supply in the seed piece is used up.
Top Growth
The top, leafy part of the plant puts on a lot of growth in the first four to five weeks after planting. Then the main stem of the plant stops growing and produces a flower bud. When that happens, the plant will have as many leaves as it will ever have.
With proper sunshine, the leaves eventually produce more food than the plant needs, and the excess energy is channeled downward to be stored in the "tubers" -- thick, short, underground stems -- which we simply call potatoes. Irish potato tubers develop above the original seed piece, rather than below it like many other underground vegetables.
Storage
In general, the storage process starts five to seven weeks after planting, often when the plants have flowered. Some varieties will produce great potatoes with no flowering at all, but usually flowering is a sign that something is definitely happening underground.
Incidentally, potato flowers don't produce any nectar, so they're not visited much by bees or insects. The flowers are self-fertilized, and many potato plants produce small green seed balls about 1-inch in diameter, which contain up to 300 seeds. These seeds are mostly used by potato breeders.
When the tubers start forming, cooler temperatures are a plus. Years ago, research showed that fewer and fewer tubers were formed on the plants as the temperature went from 68° to 84°F. In fact, none formed at 84° F.
Best Weather
The best potato crops are produced when the daytime temperature is in the 60° to 65° F range, and when night temperatures are below 57° F. When the weather is hot, the top part of the plant respires heavily, reducing the amount of food material that can otherwise be put into storage in the tubers below ground. This helps to explain that while potatoes may be a summer crop up North, they're a late winter, spring or fall crop in the South.
In a big potato-producing state like Idaho, for example, cool summer days and nights keep energy losses to a minimum. Plenty of starch is stored in the tubers, helping to make the Idaho potatoes terrific, big, mealy bakers.
Best SpudsAs potatoes enlarge underground, the outside layer of the tuber gets tougher and tougher, keeping moisture within the potato and protecting it from outside attacks by organisms that can cause rot.
This toughening of the skin continues even as the plant tops die, the signal to the gardener that the harvest is at hand. Potatoes can remain underground for a little while after the tops die, so that the last energy in the tops can be transferred to the tubers. If the outer skins can't be rubbed off after the potatoes have been dug, they'll store well
马铃薯蛋白质营养价值高。马铃薯块茎含有2%左右的蛋白质，薯干中蛋白质含量为8%～9%。据研究，马铃薯的蛋白质营养价值很高，其品质相当于鸡蛋的蛋白质，容易消化、吸收，优于其他作物的蛋白质。而且马铃薯的蛋白质含有18种氨基酸，包括人体不能合成的各种必需氨基酸。
土豆的生长过程：
1.休眠期
马铃薯收获以后，放到适宜发芽的环境中而长时间不能发芽，属于生理性自然休眠，是一种对不良环境的适应性。块茎休眠始于匍匐茎尖端停止极性生长和块茎开始膨大的时刻。休眠期的长短关系到块茎的贮藏性，关系到播种后能否及时出苗，因而关系到产量的高低。马铃薯休眠期的长短受贮藏温度影响很大，在26摄氏度左右的条件下，因品种的不同，休眠期从1个月左右至3个月以上不等。在温度为0-4摄氏度的条件下，马铃薯可长期保持休眠。马铃薯的休眠过程，受酶的活动方向决定，与环境条件密切关联。
2.发芽期
马铃薯的生长从块茎上的芽萌发开始，块茎只有解除了休眠，才有芽和苗的明显生长。从芽萌生至出苗是发芽期，进行主茎第一段的生长。发芽期生长的中心在芽的伸长、发根和形成匍匐茎，营养和水分主要靠种薯，按茎叶和根的顺序供给。生长的速度和好坏，受制于种薯和发芽需要的环境条件。生长所占时间就因品种休眠特性、栽培季节和技术措施不同而长短不一，从1个月到几个月不等。
3.幼苗期
从出苗到第六叶或第八叶展平，即完成1个叶序的生长，称为“团棵”，是主茎第二段生长，为马铃薯的幼苗期。幼苗期经过的时间较短，不论春作或秋作只有短短半个月。
4.发棵期
从团棵到第十二或第十六叶展开，早熟品种以第一花序开花；晚熟品种以第二花序开花，为马铃薯的发棵期，为时1个月左右，是主茎第三段的生长。发棵期主茎开始急剧拔高，占总高度50%左右；主茎叶已全部建成，并有分枝及分枝叶的扩展。根系继续扩大，块茎膨大到鸽蛋大小，发棵期有个生长中心转折阶段，转折阶段的终点以茎叶干物质量与块茎干物质量之比达到平衡为标准。
5.结薯期
即块茎的形成期。发棵期完成后，便进入以块茎生长为主的结薯期。此期茎叶生长日益减少，基部叶片开始转黄和枯落，植株各部分的有机养分不断向块茎输送，块茎随之加快膨大，尤在开花期后10天膨大最快。结薯期的长短受制于气候条件、病害和品种熟性等，一般为30-50天。
生长条件：
马铃薯性喜冷凉，是喜欢低温的作物。其地下薯块形成和生长需要疏松透气、凉爽湿润的土壤环境。
马铃薯对温度的要求：块茎生长的适温是16℃~18℃，当地温高于25℃时，块茎停止生长；茎叶生长的适温是15℃~25℃，超过39℃停止生长。
1.休眠期
马铃薯收获以后，放到适宜发芽的环境中而长时间不能发芽，属于生理性自然休眠，是一种对不良环境的适应性。块茎休眠始于匍匐茎尖端停止极性生长和块茎开始膨大的时刻。休眠期的长短关系到块茎的贮藏性，关系到播种后能否及时出苗，因而关系到产量的高低。马铃薯休眠期的长短受贮藏温度影响很大，在26摄氏度左右的条件下，因品种的不同，休眠期从1个月左右至3个月以上不等。在温度为0-4摄氏度的条件下，马铃薯可长期保持休眠。马铃薯的休眠过程，受酶的活动方向决定，与环境条件密切关联。
2.发芽期
马铃薯的生长从块茎上的芽萌发开始，块茎只有解除了休眠，才有芽和苗的明显生长。从芽萌生至出苗是发芽期，进行主茎第一段的生长。发芽期生长的中心在芽的伸长、发根和形成匍匐茎，营养和水分主要靠种薯，按茎叶和根的顺序供给。生长的速度和好坏，受制于种薯和发芽需要的环境条件。生长所占时间就因品种休眠特性、栽培季节和技术措施不同而长短不一，从1个月到几个月不等。
3.幼苗期
从出苗到第六叶或第八叶展平，即完成1个叶序的生长，称为“团棵”，是主茎第二段生长，为马铃薯的幼苗期。幼苗期经过的时间较短，不论春作或秋作只有短短半个月。
4.发棵期
从团棵到第十二或第十六叶展开，早熟品种以第一花序开花;晚熟品种以第二花序开花，为马铃薯的发棵期，为时1个月左右，是主茎第三段的生长。发棵期主茎开始急剧拔高，占总高度50%左右;主茎叶已全部建成，并有分枝及分枝叶的扩展。根系继续扩大，块茎膨大到鸽蛋大小，发棵期有个生长中心转折阶段，转折阶段的终点以茎叶干物质量与块茎干物质量之比达到平衡为标准。
5.结薯期
即块茎的形成期。发棵期完成后，便进入以块茎生长为主的结薯期。此期茎叶生长日益减少，基部叶片开始转黄和枯落，植株各部分的有机养分不断向块茎输送，块茎随之加快膨大，尤在开花期后10天膨大最快。结薯期的长短受制于气候条件、病害和品种熟性等，一般为30-50天。
