连 接 词
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内 容 提 要
连接词是一种虚词，不能单独作句子成分，只起到连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子的作用。连词分并列连词和从属连词，并列连词是连接两个或多个并列关系的成分；从属连词主要引导各种状语从句。做这一部分题时，我们必须弄清连词前后的关系，即连词前后部分在意义上是并列关系还是从属关系，是顺从还是转折，是目的还是让步等。
一、连词的用法
1. after 在……之后(引导时间状语从句)
You will probably discover many others after you have tried these. 试做完这些之后你可能会发现很多其他东西。
Chichester did it all by himself, even after the main steering device had been damaged by gales(大风).甚至在主要的掌舵装置都被大风弄坏之后，全由基切斯特驾驶着这只船。
Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ knighted him with the very sword that Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ had used almost 400 years earlier to knight Sir Francis Drake after he had sailed round the world for the first time. 伊丽莎白二世就是用这把剑封他为爵士的。弗朗西斯·德雷克第一次环球航行之后，伊丽莎白一世在四百年前就曾经用它封弗朗西斯·德雷克为爵士的。
After I made observations for a week, Mr. Hobbs asked me for an oral report of my findings. 我观察一周后，侯伯斯先生要我口叙一下我发现的问题。
2. although (=though) 虽然……但是(引导让步状语从句)，在汉语中“虽然”和“但是”是两个词，而在英语中表示此概念的是一个词。我们要么用although，要么用but，但although和but不能同时用在一个句子中表示“虽然……但是”
And although you may not like it, if she chooses your doorway as her place to sleep in the night, it is as morally hard to turn her away as it is a lost dog. 虽然你未必喜欢，但如果她选中你的门廊作为她夜间栖息之地，从道义上来讲，你就很难将她赶走，就像你很难赶走一条丧家之犬一样。
One quasi bag lady spends about eight hours every day at the foot of the main escalator in a railroad station, although she rents a room in a cheap hotel in the neighbourhood. 有位准流浪女士尽管在附近一家便宜旅馆里租有一间房，她还是每天在火车站中央自动楼梯下呆八小时。
Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago, there is much that we can learn from him today.虽然杰斐逊生活在两百年以前，但今天我们仍能从他那里学到很多东西。
Although signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty? 虽然学校、商场和政府中的作弊和欺诈行为近年来比过去多得多，但是不是由于我们越来越善于揭露这类不诚实行为的缘故呢?
Although the Republic may have been born in the East, it had spent most of its time and energies since then moving west.虽然(美利坚)共和国诞生于东部，但建国以后花费了大量的时间和精力向西部开拓。
但although与though之间还是有一定的区别的，althoug前边不能用much修饰，而though的前边则可以用much修饰。
3. and 和，并且(连接两个并列或对等的成分：主语，谓语，宾语，表语或分句)
It's important to set aside time for relaxation, hobbies, and entertainment as well. 还要留出时间进行休息，发展自己的爱好和娱乐活动。
Later when you begin to read you will recognize less important material and you may skip some of these portions. 之后，在阅读时，你就会知道哪些内容是不重要的，这样就可跳过这些不重要的部分。
4. as
(1) 怎样；像；因为；当……时候(引导时间、方式和原因状语从句)
After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as you chose to look at it.不管怎么说，八十大寿毕竟非同一般——你又活了十年，或者说又熬过了十年，是活是熬，全在于你怎么看了。
A different form of reading might also be done, as it was in the past: reading aloud. 也可以用不同的方式阅读，如过去一样——朗读。
Sam set out to improve efficiency at the shirt factory but, as we find out later in this unit, his plans turned out not quite as he had expected. 萨姆着手提高衬衫厂的效率了，但正如我们将在本课后半部分发现的，他的计划实施结果跟他原先预料的并不完全一样。
Many educators feel that as students gain confidence in themselves and their abilities, they are less likely to cheat. 很多教育学家认为，当学生对自己和自己的能力有了信心以后，他们就不大可能作弊了。
(2) 尽管，虽说(引起让步状语从句)
Intelligent as she was, she had not much insight. 尽管她很聪明，但她没眼力。
Much as I admire him as a writer(=Although／though I admire him a great deal), I do not like him as a man. 他作为作家，我非常敬幕他，但他作为普通人，我并不喜欢他。
5. as…as 和……一样，与……几乎一样(连接词与词、短语与短语或引导方式状语从句)
She paused a moment and looked at the boy standing awkwardly as near the door as he could be and still be inside the house. 她停了一会儿，看了看那个男孩，只见他尽量靠近门口站，但仍让自己立在房内，样子很尴尬。
He has to feel that he's as good as and probably better than any other surgeon in the world. 他必须这样认为：他跟世上的所有外科大夫一样出色，或许比他们都强。
If what researchers are saying is true, a life lived without fantasies and daydreams isn't as rich and rewarding as life can be. 如果研究人员所说的是真的，那么没有想入非非、白日做梦的生活就不可能是丰富多彩和富有成就的。
6. as(so) far as 就……而论，据……(引导方式状语从句)
What does this mean as far as our flyiny saucer program is concerned? 就我们的飞蝶计划来说这意味着什么呢?
As far as I could see, your behavior is unjustifitable. 就我看来，你的行为是不合情理的。
Yet, when anything went wrong with my car I hastened to him with it, watched him anxiously as he explored its vitals, and listened to his pronouncements as though they were divine oracles —— and he always fixed my car.(然而，每当我的汽车出了毛病，我总是急急忙忙去找他，焦急地注视着他检查汽车的主要部位，恭听着他的见解，仿佛聆听神谕一般——而他总能把我的汽车修好。
1) As long ［A］ as I know, the result ［B］ fell short of ［C］ our expectations ［D］ .
7. as if (=as though) 好像(引导条件状语从句)。它们引导的从句中，动词一般用虚拟语气，be通常用were这个形式，不管是什么人称
After succeeding in sailing round Cape Horn, Chichester sent the following radio message to London:“I feel as if I had wakened from a nightmare.”他胜利地航海到好望角之后，基切斯特向伦敦发出如下电文：“我感觉好像从恶梦中醒来。”
He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushed into his wrinkled face.他向后一跳，仿佛被什么东西螫了一下似地，他那张布满皱纹的脸顿时涨得通红。
He felt awkward and almost as if he alone were responsible for what happened.他感到很尴尬，好像他自己对发生的一切负责。
8. as(so) long as 只要(=only if 引导条件状语从句)
But it is now thought that this is not so, and as long as the brain is given plenty of exercise it keeps its power. 但现在人们认为，情况并非如此。只要大脑给予充分运用，它就会保持其机能。
I don't care, as long as she lets me be with her too. 只要她能让我也能和她在一起，我不在乎。
2) So far ［A］ as he does ［B］ his work,I don’t mind ［C］ what time he arrives ［D］ at the office.
9. as soon as 一……就(引导时间状语从句)
Go over your notes as soon as you can after class. 课后要及时复习笔记。
Yes, but we shall proceed as soon as the Grubstart gives us the added funds.是的，但埃格拉布贷款基金会把追加的资金一拿给我们，我们就会立即实施这一计划。
10. as well (as) 也，以及，还；和；不仅(连接并列成分或从句)
It's important to set aside time for relaxation, hobbies, and entertainment as well. 还要留出时间休息，发展自己的爱好和娱乐活动。
Skimming helps double your reading speed and improves your comprehension as well. 略读使你的阅读速度快一倍同时也提高你的理解力。
Review important points mentioned in class as well as points you remain confused about. 复习课上讲的重点，还要看看那些你不懂的地方。
For the first time Venusian scientists managed to land a satellite on the planet Earth, and it has been sending back signals as well as photographs ever since. 金星上的科学家首次把一颗卫星成功地送上了地球，此后卫星便不断地发回信号和照片。
11. because 因为 (引导原因状语从句，注意：汉语中有“……原因是因为……”，而英语中reason不和because连用)
3) The reason ［A］ I didn’t go to the meeting was ［B］ because ［C］ I got an appointment ［D］ .
12. before 在……之前(引导时间状语从句)
This means looking over a passage quickly before you begin to read it more carefully.这就是说，在细读之前先要略读一下文章。
We don't know what it is made of, but it could give us a lot of trouble and we shall have to make further tests before we send a Venus Being there. 我们不知道它是由什么构成的，但这给我们带来很多麻烦，而且在向那里(地球)送金星人之前，我们还要做大量的试验。
He practiced crop rotation and soil conservation a century before these became standard practice,and he invented a plow superior to any other in existence. 在人们普遍利用农作物轮作和土壤保持的作法前一个世纪，他就这样做了。
13. besides 除了……之外(介词，也把它归入这一章)
But teaching offers something besides money and power: it offers love.但教学还会带来钱和权力之外的东西：那便是爱。
Jefferson believed that a free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books and that personal investigation is important.杰弗逊认为：一个自由人除了书本之外还可从其他地方获取知识，而且个人调查研究也很重要。
14 both … and … 和；不但……而且；两者都……(连接两个对等的词或词组)
Furthermore, it(weekly schedule) will enable you to plan your activities so that you have adequate time for both work and play.而且，它(每周日程安排)能帮你安排你的一切活动，使你有充足的时间学习和娱乐。
What makes it rather disturbing was the arbitrary circumstances both of my arrest and my subsequent fate in court. 这次经历令人可恼之处在于围绕着我的被捕以及随后法庭上审讯而出现的种种武断专横的情况。
Yet, as we shall see later, almost miraculous changes have occurred both in grades of students, and in the earning capacity of salesmen —— when they were prevailed upon to change their self?images. 然而，当他们被说服改变他们的自我形象后，正如我们后边将看到的，学生的成绩和推销员的挣钱能力发生了几乎奇迹般的变化。
4) Scales(鱼鳞) both help to protect ［A］ fish ［B］ against ［C］ disease and infection or ［D］ serve as an external skeleton(骨胳) preserving body shape
连接词是一种虚词，不能单独作句子成分，只起到连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子的作用。连词分并列连词和从属连词，并列连词是连接两个或多个并列关系的成分；从属连词主要引导各种状语从句。做这一部分题时，我们必须弄清连词前后的关系，即连词前后部分在意义上是并列关系还是从属关系，是顺从还是转折，是目的还是让步等。
一、连词的用法
1. after 在……之后(引导时间状语从句)
You will probably discover many others after you have tried these. 试做完这些之后你可能会发现很多其他东西。
Chichester did it all by himself, even after the main steering device had been damaged by gales(大风).甚至在主要的掌舵装置都被大风弄坏之后，全由基切斯特驾驶着这只船。
Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ knighted him with the very sword that Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ had used almost 400 years earlier to knight Sir Francis Drake after he had sailed round the world for the first time. 伊丽莎白二世就是用这把剑封他为爵士的。弗朗西斯·德雷克第一次环球航行之后，伊丽莎白一世在四百年前就曾经用它封弗朗西斯·德雷克为爵士的。
After I made observations for a week, Mr. Hobbs asked me for an oral report of my findings. 我观察一周后，侯伯斯先生要我口叙一下我发现的问题。
2. although (=though) 虽然……但是(引导让步状语从句)，在汉语中“虽然”和“但是”是两个词，而在英语中表示此概念的是一个词。我们要么用although，要么用but，但although和but不能同时用在一个句子中表示“虽然……但是”
And although you may not like it, if she chooses your doorway as her place to sleep in the night, it is as morally hard to turn her away as it is a lost dog. 虽然你未必喜欢，但如果她选中你的门廊作为她夜间栖息之地，从道义上来讲，你就很难将她赶走，就像你很难赶走一条丧家之犬一样。
One quasi bag lady spends about eight hours every day at the foot of the main escalator in a railroad station, although she rents a room in a cheap hotel in the neighbourhood. 有位准流浪女士尽管在附近一家便宜旅馆里租有一间房，她还是每天在火车站中央自动楼梯下呆八小时。
Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago, there is much that we can learn from him today.虽然杰斐逊生活在两百年以前，但今天我们仍能从他那里学到很多东西。
Although signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty? 虽然学校、商场和政府中的作弊和欺诈行为近年来比过去多得多，但是不是由于我们越来越善于揭露这类不诚实行为的缘故呢?
Although the Republic may have been born in the East, it had spent most of its time and energies since then moving west.虽然(美利坚)共和国诞生于东部，但建国以后花费了大量的时间和精力向西部开拓。
但although与though之间还是有一定的区别的，althoug前边不能用much修饰，而though的前边则可以用much修饰。
3. and 和，并且(连接两个并列或对等的成分：主语，谓语，宾语，表语或分句)
It's important to set aside time for relaxation, hobbies, and entertainment as well. 还要留出时间进行休息，发展自己的爱好和娱乐活动。
Later when you begin to read you will recognize less important material and you may skip some of these portions. 之后，在阅读时，你就会知道哪些内容是不重要的，这样就可跳过这些不重要的部分。
4. as
(1) 怎样；像；因为；当……时候(引导时间、方式和原因状语从句)
After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as you chose to look at it.不管怎么说，八十大寿毕竟非同一般——你又活了十年，或者说又熬过了十年，是活是熬，全在于你怎么看了。
A different form of reading might also be done, as it was in the past: reading aloud. 也可以用不同的方式阅读，如过去一样——朗读。
Sam set out to improve efficiency at the shirt factory but, as we find out later in this unit, his plans turned out not quite as he had expected. 萨姆着手提高衬衫厂的效率了，但正如我们将在本课后半部分发现的，他的计划实施结果跟他原先预料的并不完全一样。
Many educators feel that as students gain confidence in themselves and their abilities, they are less likely to cheat. 很多教育学家认为，当学生对自己和自己的能力有了信心以后，他们就不大可能作弊了。
(2) 尽管，虽说(引起让步状语从句)
Intelligent as she was, she had not much insight. 尽管她很聪明，但她没眼力。
Much as I admire him as a writer(=Although／though I admire him a great deal), I do not like him as a man. 他作为作家，我非常敬幕他，但他作为普通人，我并不喜欢他。
5. as…as 和……一样，与……几乎一样(连接词与词、短语与短语或引导方式状语从句)
She paused a moment and looked at the boy standing awkwardly as near the door as he could be and still be inside the house. 她停了一会儿，看了看那个男孩，只见他尽量靠近门口站，但仍让自己立在房内，样子很尴尬。
He has to feel that he's as good as and probably better than any other surgeon in the world. 他必须这样认为：他跟世上的所有外科大夫一样出色，或许比他们都强。
If what researchers are saying is true, a life lived without fantasies and daydreams isn't as rich and rewarding as life can be. 如果研究人员所说的是真的，那么没有想入非非、白日做梦的生活就不可能是丰富多彩和富有成就的。
6. as(so) far as 就……而论，据……(引导方式状语从句)
What does this mean as far as our flyiny saucer program is concerned? 就我们的飞蝶计划来说这意味着什么呢?
As far as I could see, your behavior is unjustifitable. 就我看来，你的行为是不合情理的。
Yet, when anything went wrong with my car I hastened to him with it, watched him anxiously as he explored its vitals, and listened to his pronouncements as though they were divine oracles —— and he always fixed my car.(然而，每当我的汽车出了毛病，我总是急急忙忙去找他，焦急地注视着他检查汽车的主要部位，恭听着他的见解，仿佛聆听神谕一般——而他总能把我的汽车修好。
1) As long ［A］ as I know, the result ［B］ fell short of ［C］ our expectations ［D］ .
7. as if (=as though) 好像(引导条件状语从句)。它们引导的从句中，动词一般用虚拟语气，be通常用were这个形式，不管是什么人称
After succeeding in sailing round Cape Horn, Chichester sent the following radio message to London:“I feel as if I had wakened from a nightmare.”他胜利地航海到好望角之后，基切斯特向伦敦发出如下电文：“我感觉好像从恶梦中醒来。”
He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushed into his wrinkled face.他向后一跳，仿佛被什么东西螫了一下似地，他那张布满皱纹的脸顿时涨得通红。
He felt awkward and almost as if he alone were responsible for what happened.他感到很尴尬，好像他自己对发生的一切负责。
8. as(so) long as 只要(=only if 引导条件状语从句)
But it is now thought that this is not so, and as long as the brain is given plenty of exercise it keeps its power. 但现在人们认为，情况并非如此。只要大脑给予充分运用，它就会保持其机能。
I don't care, as long as she lets me be with her too. 只要她能让我也能和她在一起，我不在乎。
2) So far ［A］ as he does ［B］ his work,I don’t mind ［C］ what time he arrives ［D］ at the office.
9. as soon as 一……就(引导时间状语从句)
Go over your notes as soon as you can after class. 课后要及时复习笔记。
Yes, but we shall proceed as soon as the Grubstart gives us the added funds.是的，但埃格拉布贷款基金会把追加的资金一拿给我们，我们就会立即实施这一计划。
10. as well (as) 也，以及，还；和；不仅(连接并列成分或从句)
It's important to set aside time for relaxation, hobbies, and entertainment as well. 还要留出时间休息，发展自己的爱好和娱乐活动。
Skimming helps double your reading speed and improves your comprehension as well. 略读使你的阅读速度快一倍同时也提高你的理解力。
Review important points mentioned in class as well as points you remain confused about. 复习课上讲的重点，还要看看那些你不懂的地方。
For the first time Venusian scientists managed to land a satellite on the planet Earth, and it has been sending back signals as well as photographs ever since. 金星上的科学家首次把一颗卫星成功地送上了地球，此后卫星便不断地发回信号和照片。
11. because 因为 (引导原因状语从句，注意：汉语中有“……原因是因为……”，而英语中reason不和because连用)
3) The reason ［A］ I didn’t go to the meeting was ［B］ because ［C］ I got an appointment ［D］ .
12. before 在……之前(引导时间状语从句)
This means looking over a passage quickly before you begin to read it more carefully.这就是说，在细读之前先要略读一下文章。
We don't know what it is made of, but it could give us a lot of trouble and we shall have to make further tests before we send a Venus Being there. 我们不知道它是由什么构成的，但这给我们带来很多麻烦，而且在向那里(地球)送金星人之前，我们还要做大量的试验。
He practiced crop rotation and soil conservation a century before these became standard practice,and he invented a plow superior to any other in existence. 在人们普遍利用农作物轮作和土壤保持的作法前一个世纪，他就这样做了。
13. besides 除了……之外(介词，也把它归入这一章)
But teaching offers something besides money and power: it offers love.但教学还会带来钱和权力之外的东西：那便是爱。
Jefferson believed that a free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books and that personal investigation is important.杰弗逊认为：一个自由人除了书本之外还可从其他地方获取知识，而且个人调查研究也很重要。
14 both … and … 和；不但……而且；两者都……(连接两个对等的词或词组)
Furthermore, it(weekly schedule) will enable you to plan your activities so that you have adequate time for both work and play.而且，它(每周日程安排)能帮你安排你的一切活动，使你有充足的时间学习和娱乐。
What makes it rather disturbing was the arbitrary circumstances both of my arrest and my subsequent fate in court. 这次经历令人可恼之处在于围绕着我的被捕以及随后法庭上审讯而出现的种种武断专横的情况。
Yet, as we shall see later, almost miraculous changes have occurred both in grades of students, and in the earning capacity of salesmen —— when they were prevailed upon to change their self?images. 然而，当他们被说服改变他们的自我形象后，正如我们后边将看到的，学生的成绩和推销员的挣钱能力发生了几乎奇迹般的变化。
4) Scales(鱼鳞) both help to protect ［A］ fish ［B］ against ［C］ disease and infection or ［D］ serve as an external skeleton(骨胳) preserving body shape
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