Question

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Anti-Americanism may range in intensity from mild distaste and aversion at one end of the spectrum, to intense hostility at the other. It is a phenomenon that can be found all over the world, not only in highly developed, complex Western societies but also in the most underdeveloped societies of the Third World; it is present in the remaining communist states as well as the post-communist states; and it can be found among the intellectual elite of various societies and among the masses of uneducated peasants.
Historically, anti-Americanism was a centerpiece in the vast propaganda campaigns of communist systems, especially in the former Soviet Union. These states sought to capitalize on spontaneous anti-Americanism, and they devoted substantial resources to stimulate it wherever possible.
Anti-Americanism was especially prevalent during the Cold War in the ideas of “moral equivalence” promoted by leftist parties in Western Europe which held that there was little difference, morally speaking, between the United States and the Soviet Union. Even in this framework, leftists as a rule savaged the U.S. with far greater relish and specificity, while their critiques of the Soviet system were perfunctory.
One of the major types of anti-Americanism is the longstanding historical/theoretical version (currently intertwined with "postmodernism" and "multiculturalism"), rooted in the rejection of universalistic values and especially the rationalism associated with the Enlightenment. This form of anti-Americanism shades into a broad anti-Western disposition.
Another variation of anti-Americanism is a tributary of Marxism that views the United States as both the pillar of capitalism around the world and its most repugnant embodiment, and therefore as the oppressive force ensuring immiseration of the world’s poor and dispossessed.
There is also cultural anti-Americanism, which condemns American mass culture for its encroachments on the traditions of other nations.
A powerful scapegoating impulse, related to envy and resentment (particularly in countries that have been unsuccessful economically and in terms of international power) is central to anti-Americanism. Because of America's "lone remaining superpower" status, it has become a target upon which a wide range of grievances and resentments can be projected.
Another variation of anti-Americanism may be understood as a diffuse, ongoing protest against modernity's major components and unintended consequences. These include secularization, industrialization, urbanization, bureaucratization, mobility (both social and spatial), and the decline of community and social-cultural cohesion.

Answer 1

反美国主义是介于轻度厌恶和反感强度的频谱在一月底，在其他强烈的敌意。这是一个可以找到世界各地，不仅在高度发达的，复杂的西方社会，而且在第三次世界上最不发达的社会的现象，它是在剩下的共产主义国家以及后共产主义国家目前以及它可以在各种社会知识精英，在未受过教育的农民群众发现。
从历史上看，反美国主义是在共产主义制度，特别是在前苏联，广大宣传运动的核心。这些国家企图利用自发的反美国主义，他们投入了大量资源，以尽可能地刺激它。
反美国主义是在冷战期间，尤其是流行在思想“道德等”促进了西欧左翼政党，认为没有什么区别，讲道德之间的美国和苏联。即使在这个框架内，作为一项规则与左派猛烈抨击和特异性大得多津津有味美国，而苏联体制的批判，敷衍。
也是反两大类，一是美国主义的，是长期形成的历史/理论版本，在普遍性的价值观排斥，特别是与理性主义的启蒙运动相关的根深蒂固（目前以“后现代主义”和“多元文化”交织在一起）。这成为一个广泛的反西方的处置形式的反美国主义的阴影。
另一种抗变异，美国主义是马克思主义的支流意见，无论是世界各地的支柱，其最令人憎恶的资本主义和美国的体现，因此，为确保immiseration的压迫力是世界上穷人和被剥夺。
还有文化的反美国主义，谴责其侵略其他国家对美国大众文化的传统。
一个强大的替罪羊冲动，嫉妒和怨恨有关（特别是在经济上已经失败的国家和国际力量而言）是中央的反美国主义。由于美国的“孤独的超级大国”的地位，它已成为一个赖以不满和怨恨的范围广，可预期目标。
另一个反美国主义的变化可能被理解为一种弥漫，对现代性的重要组成部分和出乎意料的后果进行抗议。这些措施包括世俗化，工业化，城市化，官僚化，流动性（社会和空间），以及社区衰退和社会文化的凝聚力
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