Question

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The received wisdom in Andean studies on environmental degradation
and agricultural intensification can be summed up in two propositions: absence
of ecological decomposition, and agricultural intensification is inversely
related to altitude. Despite population pressure, greater state penetration,
and growing market influence in the countryside (Orlove, 1977), high-altitude
farmland and grazing grounds in the Andes have not experienced much runoff
or erosion (Orlove, 1976, p. 208; Guillet, 1981, p. 150; in press). The absence of ecological disintegration, the first proposition explains, occurs because
of a reciprocal relation or dialogue between nature and cultural forms.
Sectoral farming and mixed agropastoral subsistence regimes require and underwrite
the formation of institutional structures and strong forms of communal
organization (Rhoades and Thompson, 1975). Village councils, in turn,
prevent unregulated exploitation of local resources. As a result, no environmental
degradation occurs. The second proposition holds that high-altitude
Andean soils, owing to their limited fertility, are poorly suited to sustain permanent
intensification. Since soil fertility decreases while natural risk factors
increase with elevation, agricultural intensification, when it occurs, tends
to be inversely related to altitude (Caballero, 1981; Guillet, 1981). These two
propositions need reappraisal.
Ecological Decomposition. First, the putative absence of ecological
degradation rests, in the main, on literature searches. Owing to the paucity
of ecological research in the Andes, and the proclivity toward viewing Andean
rural societies as well-adapted entities, it is not surprising to find a dearth
of information on ecological problems. Second, ecological studies in the
Andes tend to be inexcusably ahistorical (Winterhalder, Larsen, and Thomas
1974; Thomas, 1979; Guillet, 1981; Orlove, 1976). Synchronic perspectives
may give the illusion the Andes are an intact ecosystem, but inquiries
informed by historical considerations alert one to some of the stresses and
strains to which these haibtats have been subjected. Finally, there is growing
evidence which suggests that erosion in Andean nations may be serious. A
recent USAID (1980, p. ix) report, for instance, noted that over 80%fo f
Bolivia's highlands were badly eroded and overgrazed. Other studies suggest
that over half the surface area of the Andes in general may be likewise badly
bruised (FAO, 1954, pp. 16-17; Millones, 1982, p. 56; Caballero, 1981,
pp. 76-77, 82).

Answer 1

人们普遍的看法在安第斯研做枝究环境恶化
和农业集约化可以归结为两个命题:缺席的原因
生态分解、和农业集约化呈负
相关的高度。尽管的人口压力,更纯铅敏大的国家渗透,
且不断增长的市场中,影响乡(Orlove,1977年)、高山
农田和牧场在安地斯山区没有体验了很多争议
Orlove或侵蚀(1976年,p,208;Guillet,1981年,p,消耗150点;在出版社)。缺乏生态解体,第一个命题解释说,是由于
或相互的关系的自然、文化对话形式。
部门农业和混合agropastoral生存机制要求和支持
制度结构的形成和强大的形式的公共
组织和汤普森。罗迪斯,1975年)。反过来,村落议会
防止不受管制的开发利用本地资源。结果,没环境因素引起的
退化的发生。第二个命题认为高海拔
安第斯土壤肥力,由于有限,而现在他们也适合维持永久性的
集约化管理。因为土壤肥力下降,而自然的危险因素
立面,增加农业集约化,当它发生时,往往
呈负相关的高度(卡巴雷若,1981;Guillet,1981年)。这两个
命题需要鉴定。
生态分激团解。第一,潜在的缺乏生态
退化休息,总的来说,对文学的搜索。由于缺乏
在安地斯山区生态研究,proclivity安第斯山脉向观看
农村社会团体成功实体,也就不足为奇找到一个死亡
生态问题的信息。第二,生态研究
安地斯山倾向于inexcusably时间里Winterhalder,拉森,(托马斯
1974年,托马斯,1979年,Guillet,1981;Orlove 1976年)。同步的观点
可以把幻觉安地斯山是一个完整的

Answer 2

不会 我日语