Question

分析这个英语句子的语法

The process by which a society acquires capital equipment is so fundamentally important.
我想问 by which这种用法怎么用啊？ 请详细说明，然后能不能举例说明呢~非常感谢

Answer 1

恩，我给你详细说说。

国内教英文，喜欢把by which, for which, in which等等看做组合来教。其实并不是什么固定用法，只不过这句里面有which，又恰好应该用by而已。（by有很多固定搭配，但是by which作为一个固定搭配来查，在美林韦氏词典里都查不到）

这句话之所以是by，是因为句子主体结构的原因。理解句子的最好的办法是缩句。我把非主体的单词好余略去，简化后就很清晰了：The process by acquiring is important。acquiring就是“a society acquires capital equipment”这部分，虽然长，但是庆源当作一个名词就可以了，为了结构清晰我用acquiring来替代。which在这里指process，相当于强调，没有实际意义。这个用法在韦氏词典里的解释是：used after a preposition to refer again to something that has already been mentioned。这种情况下which指代之前的词或从句。韦氏的例句有：
She again demonstrated the qualities for which she is admired by so many people.
which指代quality
The exhibit is on view here for three months, after which it travels to another city.
which指代exhibit

再给你一个关于by which的例子，
Some people like to be known by a nickname.
扩句后变成：
His real first name was Sylvester, but “Bud” was the nickname by which he preferred to be known.
其实后半部分就是"nick name by preference"。
这个例子可以清晰地看出，并不是by which是一个固定用法，而是句子的初始结构恰好需要用by而已。对于to which， from which， at which，誉袜态under which也都是一样的，只需要学好这些介词该怎么用，配上which还是怎么用就对了

Answer 2

Strawberry

Answer 3

这个是有大判者which引导的冲源定语滚薯从句，其中which作介词by的宾语。
This process is so fundamentally important,
进一步对process进行说明：
By the (same) process, a society acquires capital equipment. 通过这（同一）个过程，。。。
相近的例子:
"Democracy is a process by which people are free to choose the man who will get the blame" - Laurence Peter

Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One, first appeared in The Public Advertiser, September 11, 1773.

Answer 4

这个是由介词加which引导的定语从句，此句中which作介词by的宾语。先行词为process。
by which并非固定手帆让搭毕局配，根据具体情况要选用不同介词，介词的选用有三个原则：
1，根据先行词选择：I will never forget the day on which I met Dr. li. the day 用介词on
2，根据动词搭配选择：He is looking for a room in which he can live. live 后接介轿早词in
3，根据意义选择：They finally found the exit through which they survived. through the exit