Question

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Deflection of the support system is often critical, especially in older buildings where brittle materials were used in construction. In stacked shoring, the take-up and settlement
of the supports should be considered and accounted for in the design if adverse effects are anticipated. This can be accomplished by preloading with jacks or hardwood wedges, and
insuring that none of the bearing surfaces are of compressable material. When using stringers and cribbing to distribute loads for needle beams or friction collars, jacks should be used to preload the system to the anticipated loads prior to releasing the existing support.
In retrofitting non-load bearing unreinforced masonry buildings where the floors are to be removed, it is necessary to shore the walls for lateral loads until the new horizontal diaphragms are in place. This involves resolving the horizontal
loads into components and transferring them to adequate shear walls or the slab on grade.Connections to the existing masonry wall are critical. Low allowable tensile stresses in head and
bed joints usually require the engineer to design a strong back system to collect the loads and transfer them to the shores.
Falsework
The term“falsework” is used in referring to the temporary works associated with the casting of concrete structures, usually in conjunction with the construction of bridges. The purpose of
falsework, like shoring, is to support the structure true to line and grade until it has gained sufficient strength to be self-supporting. Falsework construction is usually one of two types.Manufactured steel or aluminum systems, or contractor designed post and beam structures.
Manufacturers usually provide an agency pre-approved prescribed method for use of their product. Where the proprietary products may fall short is in dealing with long spans required to provide traffic openings with section modulus requirements for impact.Contractor designed systems usually incorporate posts, beams, caps, required bracing and adequate foundation pads. Sizing of members, for economy, should consider materials the contractor has on hand. Layout of the falsework should consider the requirement for longitudinal bracing, two percent of the dead
load, to prevent internal collapse of the system. A long span of thirty to forty feet, with an adjacent ten to twelve foot span, is a convenient layout to provide for the bracing required. Foundation pads are commonly six inch thick lumber crossed
with steel or timber corbels to distribute the loads.Bottom caps are placed transverse to the corbels and wedges are used between to adjust the bent to grade. Timber or steel pipe columns are used to support the top caps, which will receive the load bearing stringers.

Answer 1

支持系统的偏折经常是重要的，特别是在更旧的大厦，易碎的材料用于建筑。 在被堆积的支柱、紧线器和解决支持，如果不利影响被期望，应该考虑和占在设计。 这可以通过预先输入完成与起重器或硬木楔子，和保险支撑表面都不是compressable材料。 当使用纵梁和cribbing分布装载为针射线或摩擦衣领时，应该用于起重器预先输入系统对被期望的装载在发布现有的支持之前。
在负担unreinforced石工大厦的改型非装载，将去除地板，支持墙壁为侧向装载是必要的，直到新的水平的膜片到位。 这介入解决水平在负担unreinforced石工大厦的改型非装载，将去除地板，支持墙壁为侧向装载是必要的，直到新的水平的膜片到位。 这在等级介入解决
水平的装载入组分和转移他们到充分剪墙壁或平板。与现有的石工墙壁的连接是重要的。 低允许的张应力在头和
床联接通常要求工程师设计一个强的后面系统收集装载和转移他们到岸。
脚手架规定“脚手架”用于提到临时工作与混凝土结构相关铸件，通常与桥梁的建筑一道。 脚手架的目的
，象支柱，将支持结构真实排行和分级，直到它获取充足的力量自承。 脚手架建筑通常是二个类型之一。制作的钢或铝系统或者承包商被设计的岗位和射线结构制造商通常提供一个代办处前批准规定了方法为对他们的产品的使用。 那里专有产品也许未达到是与要求的长的间距打交道提供交通开头以部分冲击的模数要求。承包商设计系统通常合并岗位、射线，盖帽，需要的支撑和充分基础垫。 成员涂料，为经济，应该考虑承包商在手边有的材料。 脚手架的布局应该考虑纵向支撑，无用负载的百分之二的要求
，防止系统的内部崩溃。 三十到四十英尺一个长的间距，与一个毗邻十只到十二只脚间距，是提供的一种方便布局需要的支撑。 基础垫共同地是六横渡的英寸厚实的木材 与分布装载的钢或木材梁托。底下盖帽被安置的横向对梁托，并且楔子用于得之间对等级调整倾向。 木材或钢管专栏用于支持顶面盖帽，将接受承重纵梁。

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