Question

蒙古族的生活习俗

Answer 1

　　习俗

　　见面要互致问候,即便是陌生人也要问好。平辈、熟人相见,一般问：“赛拜努（你好）”；若是遇见长者或初次见面的人,则要问：“他赛拜努。”（您好）。

　　款待行路人（不论认识与否）,是蒙古族的传统美德,蒙古族待客十分讲究礼节和规矩。例如,吃手把羊肉时,一般在将羊的琵琶骨带肉配四条长肋送给客人。如果是用牛肉待客,则以一块带肉的脊椎骨加半节肋骨和一段肥肠送给客人。

　　到蒙古族人家里做客必须敬重主人。进入蒙古包后,要盘腿围着炉灶坐在地毡上,但炉西面是主人的居处,主人不上坐时不得随便坐。主人敬上的奶茶,客人通常是要喝的,不喝有失礼貌；主人请吃奶制品,客人不要拒绝,否则会伤主人的心。如不便多吃,吃一点也行。

　　献哈达也是蒙古族的一项高贵礼节。献哈达时,献者躬身双手托着递给对方,受者亦应躬身双手接过或躬身让献者将哈达挂在脖子上,并表示谢意。

　　蒙古族人骑马、驾车接近蒙古包时忌重骑快行,以免惊动畜群；若门前有火堆或挂有红布条等记号,表示这家有病人或产妇,忌外人进入；客人不能坐西炕,因为西是供佛的方位；忌食自死动物的肉和驴肉、狗肉、白马肉；办丧事时忌红色和白色,办喜事时忌黑色和黄色；忌在火盆上烘烤脚、鞋、袜和裤子等；禁止在参观寺院经堂、供殿时吸烟、吐痰和乱摸法器、经典、佛像以及高声喧哗,也不得在寺院附近打猎；

　　食俗

　　蒙古族牧民视绵羊为生活的保证、财富的源泉。日食三餐,每餐都离不开奶与肉。以奶为原料制成的食品,蒙古语称“查干伊得”,意为圣洁、纯净的食品,即“白食”；以肉类为原料制成的食品,蒙古语称“乌兰伊得”,意为“红食”。蒙古族除食用最常见的牛奶外,还食用羊奶、马奶、鹿奶和骆驼奶,其中少部分做为鲜奶饮料,大部分加工成奶制品。

　　蒙古族的肉类主要是牛、绵羊肉,其次为山羊肉、少量的马肉,在狩猎季节也捕猎黄羊肉。羊肉常见的传统食用方法就有全羊宴、嫩皮整羊宴、煺毛整羊宴、烤羊、烤羊心、炒羊肚、羊脑烩菜等70多种,最具特色的是蒙古族烤全羊（剥皮烤）、炉烤带皮整羊或称阿拉善烤全羊,最常见的是手把羊肉。

　　在日常饮食中与红食、白食占有同样重要位置的是蒙古族特有食品──炒米。西部地区的蒙古族还有用炒米做“崩”的习俗。面粉制作的各种食品在蒙古族日常饮食中也日渐增多,最常见的是面条和烙饼,并擅长用面粉加馅制成别具特色的蒙古包子、蒙古馅饼及蒙古糕点新苏饼等。

　　蒙古族每天离不开茶,除饮红茶外,几乎都有饮奶茶的习惯,每天早上第一件事就煮奶茶,煮奶茶最好用新打的净水,烧开后,冲入放有茶末的净壶或锅,慢火煮2-3分钟,再将鲜奶和盐对入,烧开即可。蒙古族的奶茶有时还要加黄油,或奶皮子,或炒米等,其味芳香、咸爽可口,是含有多种营养成分的滋补饮料。有人甚至认为,三天不吃饭菜可以,但一天不饮奶茶不行。

　　蒙古族还喜欢将很多野生植物的果实、叶子、花都用于煮奶茶,煮好的奶茶风味各异,有的还能防病治病。

　　大部分蒙古族都能饮酒,所饮用的酒多是白酒和啤酒,有的地区也饮用奶酒和马奶酒。每逢节日或客人朋友相聚,都有豪饮的习惯。马奶酒是鲜马奶经发酵制成,不需蒸馏。

　　典型食品：蒙古族富有特色的食品很多,例如烤羊、炉烤带皮整羊、手把羊肉、大炸羊、烤羊腿、奶豆腐、蒙古包子、蒙古馅饼等。民间还有：稀奶油；奶皮子；煺毛整羊宴；熟烤羊；白菜羊肉卷；新苏饼；烘干大米饭

Answer 2

习俗

　　见面要互致问候,即便是陌生人也要问好。平辈、熟人相见,一般问：“赛拜努（你好）”；若是遇见长者或初次见面的人,则要问：“他赛拜努。”（您好）。

　　款待行路人（不论认识与否）,是蒙古族的传统美德,蒙古族待客十分讲究礼节和规矩。例如,吃手把羊肉时,一般在将羊的琵琶骨带肉配四条长肋送给客人。如果是用牛肉待客,则以一块带肉的脊椎骨加半节肋骨和一段肥肠送给客人。

　　到蒙古族人家里做客必须敬重主人。进入蒙古包后,要盘腿围着炉灶坐在地毡上,但炉西面是主人的居处,主人不上坐时不得随便坐。主人敬上的奶茶,客人通常是要喝的,不喝有失礼貌；主人请吃奶制品,客人不要拒绝,否则会伤主人的心。如不便多吃,吃一点也行。

　　献哈达也是蒙古族的一项高贵礼节。献哈达时,献者躬身双手托着递给对方,受者亦应躬身双手接过或躬身让献者将哈达挂在脖子上,并表示谢意。

　　蒙古族人骑马、驾车接近蒙古包时忌重骑快行,以免惊动畜群；若门前有火堆或挂有红布条等记号,表示这家有病人或产妇,忌外人进入；客人不能坐西炕,因为西是供佛的方位；忌食自死动物的肉和驴肉、狗肉、白马肉；办丧事时忌红色和白色,办喜事时忌黑色和黄色；忌在火盆上烘烤脚、鞋、袜和裤子等；禁止在参观寺院经堂、供殿时吸烟、吐痰和乱摸法器、经典、佛像以及高声喧哗,也不得在寺院附近打猎；

　　食俗

　　蒙古族牧民视绵羊为生活的保证、财富的源泉。日食三餐,每餐都离不开奶与肉。以奶为原料制成的食品,蒙古语称“查干伊得”,意为圣洁、纯净的食品,即“白食”；以肉类为原料制成的食品,蒙古语称“乌兰伊得”,意为“红食”。蒙古族除食用最常见的牛奶外,还食用羊奶、马奶、鹿奶和骆驼奶,其中少部分做为鲜奶饮料,大部分加工成奶制品。

　　蒙古族的肉类主要是牛、绵羊肉,其次为山羊肉、少量的马肉,在狩猎季节也捕猎黄羊肉。羊肉常见的传统食用方法就有全羊宴、嫩皮整羊宴、煺毛整羊宴、烤羊、烤羊心、炒羊肚、羊脑烩菜等70多种,最具特色的是蒙古族烤全羊（剥皮烤）、炉烤带皮整羊或称阿拉善烤全羊,最常见的是手把羊肉。

　　在日常饮食中与红食、白食占有同样重要位置的是蒙古族特有食品──炒米。西部地区的蒙古族还有用炒米做“崩”的习俗。面粉制作的各种食品在蒙古族日常饮食中也日渐增多,最常见的是面条和烙饼,并擅长用面粉加馅制成别具特色的蒙古包子、蒙古馅饼及蒙古糕点新苏饼等。

　　蒙古族每天离不开茶,除饮红茶外,几乎都有饮奶茶的习惯,每天早上第一件事就煮奶茶,煮奶茶最好用新打的净水,烧开后,冲入放有茶末的净壶或锅,慢火煮2-3分钟,再将鲜奶和盐对入,烧开即可。蒙古族的奶茶有时还要加黄油,或奶皮子,或炒米等,其味芳香、咸爽可口,是含有多种营养成分的滋补饮料。有人甚至认为,三天不吃饭菜可以,但一天不饮奶茶不行。

　　蒙古族还喜欢将很多野生植物的果实、叶子、花都用于煮奶茶,煮好的奶茶风味各异,有的还能防病治病。

　　大部分蒙古族都能饮酒,所饮用的酒多是白酒和啤酒,有的地区也饮用奶酒和马奶酒。每逢节日或客人朋友相聚,都有豪饮的习惯。马奶酒是鲜马奶经发酵制成,不需蒸馏。

　　典型食品：蒙古族富有特色的食品很多,例如烤羊、炉烤带皮整羊、手把羊肉、大炸羊、烤羊腿、奶豆腐、蒙古包子、蒙古馅饼等。民间还有：稀奶油；奶皮子；煺毛整羊宴；熟烤羊；白菜羊肉卷；新苏饼；烘干大米饭。

Answer 3

一 服饰头戴

蒙古族去参加各种喜庆宴会和庆典仪式，都要佩戴彩饰头戴，穿上节日的盛装，尽力打扮得庄重典雅。男子要将袍子、靴帽穿戴整洁，佩刀、烟壶携带齐全，择骑好马，从鞍辔到手提的马鞭都要精心装饰一番。女子则穿上齐肩长褂，戴好耳坠、簪钗、手镯、戒指等服饰。如果是新郎、新娘，穿戴打扮更要有派头和生气。新郎要穿长袍，戴圆帽，系丝绸腰带，踏大绒或香牛皮靴，右侧腰间佩带银鞘钢刀、火镰带板、佩带弓箭撒袋，弓的上端还有蓝色绸子弓罩，尽力打扮得英俊威武。新娘头戴镶嵌红珊瑚宝石的簪钗、珊瑚绿松石额箍、赤色珍珠垂饰，金银珍珠耳坠、金银宝石耳环戒指、金银翡翠手镯等手饰，尽力装饰得光彩夺目、华丽端庄。察哈尔妇女梳盘羊头，衣服多用红、绿、紫花色布料。如是新婚妇女，外出做客时，必须在衣服外套一个坎肩，意为新婚不久。蒙古族夏季多用棉布或丝绸制袍，冬季多用毛长绒厚的羊皮缝制。

二 饮食

蒙古民族的食品之首便是奶食。奶食也被本民族视为珍品，每逢拜年、祝寿、招待宾客、喜庆宴会等首先以品尝奶食、敬献奶酒为最美好祝愿。蒙古族的奶食品主要有奶豆腐、奶渣、奶酪、酸酪、奶油、黄油、奶皮、酸奶、酸乳、奶茶等。奶茶是蒙古族日常生活不可缺少的饮品。肉食品是蒙古族的主要食品。羊肉是蒙古族最喜爱的肉食之一，它不但有驱寒补热的功效，也是餐桌上的美味佳肴，又是生活中待人接物良好祝愿的象征。每年冬季小雪与大雪之间，蒙古民族家家户户都要进行冬储，俗称“卧羊”。每户少则宰杀数只羊、1头牛，以备冬春夏季食用。牛肉干是蒙古民族春夏季制汤做馅的最好原料。

Answer 4

Answer 5

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