跪求仁爱版八年级上册英语语法

我的书丢了,想找八年级上册的语法学习一下,在百度上找不到,谁能帮帮我,发来一些... 我的书丢了,想找八年级上册的语法学习一下,在百度上找不到,谁能帮帮我,发来一些 展开
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推荐于2016-08-24
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现在完成时
有些瞬间性动词可以表示延续性词义,这时它们就可以与段时间状语连用了。例如:   I'm going away for a few days. 我要出去几天。(go away 表示travel)   I went to Paris for two weeks. 我去了巴黎两个星期。(go to表示 visit)   We go to the seaside for a week every August. 我们每年八月都要到海滨度过一个星期。(go 表示travel)   She left me waiting in the rain for an hour. 她让我在雨里等了一个小时。(leave表示cause sb. / sth. to be or remain in a particular state or position,即"使某人或某物处于某一特定的状态"。)
编辑本段瞬间性动词的否定形式
  瞬间性动词的否定形式可以表示某一状态,这时,可以与段时间状语连用。例如:   Don't get off until the bus stops. 等车停了再下车。(停车之前要处于呆在车上的状态。)
编辑本段瞬间性动词的被动结构
  "be+瞬间性动词的过去分词"即系表结构也可以表示状态,因此也可以与段时间状语连用。例如:   They have been married for ten years. 他们结婚已经十年了。   The book has been lost for a week.那书已经丢了一周了。   当要表达瞬间性动作发生之后一段时间的概念时,可以有多种不同的表达方式。试比较:  汤姆到了三十分钟了。   方法1:Tom has been here for 30 minutes.   方法2:It's 30 minutes since Tom arrived.   方法3:Tom got here 30 minutes ago.   艾丽丝直到她妈妈回来了才睡觉。   方法1: Alice didn't go to bed until her mother came back.   方法2: Alice stayed up until her mother came back.   你们认识多长时间了?   方法1: How long have you known each other?   方法2: How long ago did you get to know each other?   方法3: How long is it since you got to know each other?   Exercises:   根据汉语完成句子。   1. 火车离开已经十五分钟了。   (1)The train ______ ______ ______ for fifteen minutes.   (2) fifteen minutes the train left.   2. 我直到夜里十二点才睡觉。  (1)I______ ______ ______ ______ until 12 at night.   (2)I______ ______ until 12 at night.   3. 他戒烟已经三个月了。   (1)______ three months______ he ______ ______ smoking.   (2)He______ ______ for three months.   4. 他爸爸去世已经三年了。   (1)His father ______ ______ ______ ______.   (2)His father______ ______ ______ for three years.   (3)______ three years______ his father______.   Key: 1. (1)has been gone (2)It's; since   2. (1)didn't go to bed (2)stayed up   3. (1)It's; since; gave up   (2)hasn't smoked   4. (1)died three years ago   (2)has been dead   (3)It's; since; died   可以用现在完成时,但不能加时间段
编辑本段延续性动词和瞬间性动词
  延续性动词: live,run,stay,clean,play,hold,watch,teach,read,study,teach,eat,drink,write, da-nce,sing,smoke 瞬间性动词pen,stop,like,love,die,win,close,shot,begin,start enter,finish
1、终止性动词:
  表示不能延续的动作,即动作发生后立即结束。如:begin,arrive,borrow,buy,break,close, come,fall,dic,finish,go,leave,lend,marry,reach,receive,open,sell,start,stop等。 终止性动词的肯定式是不能持续的,所以不能和表示一段时间的状语连用,而终止性的否定式就可以和表一段时间的状语连用,因为否定本身就是可以延续的。 如:have a cold是持续性动词,表示“状态”,可与表延续性的时间状语连用,不定冠词不能省略。 I′ve had a cold since my arrival(到达 n.). I didn′t go to school because I had had a bad cold for days. catch a cold是短暂性动作,表“动态”:它不能和延续性时间状语连用,不定冠词“a”可有可无,catch可用take,get代替。 Put on your coat,or you′ll catch/take/get a cold. Take care not to get cold. 但是,若cold前有形容词修饰时,则不定冠词不能省。 如:Brown has taken a slight cold. 注意下列句子: I have caught a cold for over a week.(×) I have had a cold for over a week.(?)
2、延续性动词:
  表示可以延续一段时间的动作或状态。如:be,drink,fly,eat,keep,lie,live,rain等。延续性动词常不能和表示一个短暂具体的时间状语连用;这类动词如用于进行时态,则可以和表示一个短暂具体的时刻连用。 He worked at eight yesterday afternoon.(×) He was working at eight yesterday afternoon.(?)
3、代替终止性动词的方法
  a) 用延续性动词代替终止性动词 1、用have代替buy My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become How long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用wear代替put on b) 用“be+形容词”代终止性动词 1、be+married代marry 2、be+ill代fall (get) ill 3、be+dead代die 4、be+asleep代fall (get) asleep 5、be+awake代wake/wake up 6、be+gone代lose,die,sell,leave 7、be+open代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、be+missing(gone,lost)代lose c) 用“be+副词”代终止性动词 1“be+on”代start,begin 2“be+up”代get up 3“be+back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to 4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d) 用“be+介词短语”代终止性动词 1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army 3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to somewhere

终止性动词也可称为非延续性动词,瞬间动词或点动词  英语中,动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。  终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。
编辑本段用法特征
1.可用于现在完成时
  终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成,因此可用于现在完成时。如:   The train has arrived.火车到了。  Have you joined the computer group?你加入电脑小组了吗?
2.不可与表示一段时间的状语连用
  终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续。因此,不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如:   (1)他死了三年了。  误:He has died for three years.   正:He has been dead for three years.   正:He died three years ago.   正:It is three years since he died.   正:Three years has passed since he died.   (2)他来这儿五天了。  误:He has come here for five days.   正:He has been here for five days.   正:He came here five days ago.   正:It is five days since he came here.   正:Five days has passed since he came here.   (1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词,不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。那么,应如何正确表达呢?可以采用下面的四种方法:  (1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词,如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例:leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。  (2)将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语,如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。   (3)用句型"It is+段时间+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。   (4)用句型"时间+has passed+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。
3.可与表示一段时间的状语连用
  终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中,成为可以延续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如:   He hasn't left here since 1986.   I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.
4.否定式与until/till连用
  终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用,构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ..."的句型,意为"直到……才……"。如:   You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了,你才能离开这里。   I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉。
5.不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中
  终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中,但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词),也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程,从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如:  When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词)   Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)
6.不可与how long连用
  终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。如:   误:How long have you come here?   正:How long have you been here?   正:When did you come here?

瞬间动词,也叫终止性动词、结束性动词、非延续性动词。这类动词所表示的动作在瞬间就可以完成,不能延续下去,即动作从开始到结束所持续的时间极短。瞬间动词往往表示动作的结果,或表示短暂性、一次性的动作。  【例词:close, leave, buy, join, become, begin, fall,fall ill,get to(know), come, go, see, hear, hear from, catch a cold, kill 】  这类动词的肯定句在一般情况下,不能与表示一段时间的状语或疑问词连用。但是在否定句中,瞬间动词也可以和表示一段时间的状语、连词连用,它的含义是好长时间没进行这个动作了,没进行此动作的状态就可以延续。  Eg:   1.I haven't heard from my parents for a long time. 我有好长时间没收到父母来信了。   2.He hasn't left home for a week. 他有一个星期没出门了
编辑本段非延续性动词
(一)
  在英语中,有些动词表示的是短暂的动作,没有持续性,即“一发生就结束”的动作。这类动词一般称为“非延续性动词”或“终止性动词”,不能同表示一段时间的状语连用。  常见的这类动词有: go, come, leave, arrive, lose, land, catch, join, kill, find 等。   例如:   1. He has joined the club for a long time. ( 错 )   2. He has been a member of the club for a long time . ( 对 )   3. His grandfather has died for over 30 years. ( 错 )   4. His grandfather has been dead for over 30 years . ( 对 )   【 注意 】  之所以将这些动词称为瞬间动词,是因为这些动词在眨眼之间发生并终结。故不能与表达“段”的长时间状语连用,不论是在进行时还是现在完成时中。  下面的例句是正确的:   1. He is dying.   2. He has died.   一个生物体是死是活,界与其终结生命的前与后的一霎那,如果上述例句加上了表达段的时间状语,试请问:该人是死是活?
(二)
  但是,有几个表示去向的非延续性动词如 go, come, start, leave 等,可以同表示时间段的状语 for 短语连用。但要注意,这种用法的 for 短语表示的不是句中谓语动词延续的时间,而是该动词动作完成后再做某事所需要的时间。   例如:  1. She has gone to Nanjing for three days. (= She’s come here, intending to stay for three days.)   2. Alice has left for Paris for three months . (= Alice has left for Paris , intending to stay there for three months.)   3. We are starting for Shanghai for two weeks. (= We are going to Shanghai , and we are planning to stay there for two weeks.)   【 注意 】  学生如果遇到与第一点所不符的情况,如本点所讲述,不要轻易下结论为“错题”,应该认真分析后再做结论。比如我们学过了这样的结构:  make somebody do something;   而我们常可见到这样的句子:   He made a candle to give light.   在这个句子中的宾语后面明显带了 to ,与短语所表达的不符,但我们不要忘了: make 的基本意思为“制造”,并且,不定式结构在短语中充当宾语补足语,而在例句中充当状语。
(三)
  非延续性谓语动词后有非谓语动词时,可与表示一段时间的状语连用,这时,时间状语所修饰的不是句中的谓语动词,而是非谓语动词。  例如:   1. She went to work for two weeks . (for two weeks 修饰 to work)   2. He began to read English for over an hour. ( for over an hour 修饰 to read.)   【 注意 】  了解了上述第二点,这一点要好理解的多:一般情况下,这些状语都会放在所修饰的动词或短语附近,稍加分析则不会产生误解。
(四)
  如果非延续性谓语动词是否定完成时时,表示的是一种状态,故可同表示一段时间的状语连用;如果非延续性谓语动词的完成时表示经常重复的行为,可同表示时段的时间状语连用,但应慎用。  例如:   1. She hasn’t taken part in labor for weeks .   2. I have often gone to Beijing since 1985 .   【 注意 】  这一点的关键是:完成时表达的是“状态”,而后面表达段的时间是:“这种状态持续了如此长的时间”。
(五)
  在不同的语言环境中,有些动词可以作延续性动词或非延续性动词, 如: sit, walk, move, run, feel 等。  例如:   1. He sat in the grass, watching the sun rising. (延续性动词)  2. He sat in the grass and began to read. (非延续性动词)   【 注意 】  这种用法较为灵活。所以也应灵活分析。从上面的两个句子中我们可以看到:不在具体的句子中,我们无法分清哪个是非延续动词,哪个是延续性动词。只有根据上下文的意思,才好决定。
编辑本段误区
[ 一 ]
  瞬间动词的完成时误区之一是:现在完成时表达的是“从前发生的动作”,“延续到现在”。而瞬间动词一瞬间便完成了从发生到结束的全过程,能有完成时吗?现在完成时虽然动作“发生在过去”但其“影响”持续到现在。因整个存在的时间短,所以其完成时不与表达“段”的时间连用。
[ 二 ]
  瞬间动词的进行时 误区二: leave, come 等终结性动词,没有进行时的形式。例如 come 这一个词,(尤其在肯定句中,可参见第四点)不与表达段的时间状语连用。比如我们不说: He has come for days. 而要说: He came days ago. 或: It’s days since he came. 常说的 He is coming. /He is leaving./ He is dying 等,并不是表示动作“正在进行”, 而是表示“动作即将发生”。  所以,有些语法家认为:瞬间动词的进行时,是将来时的表达法之一。
编辑本段非延续性动词转换为相应的延续性动词:
  leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over,   join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。

4. since的四种用法

1) since +过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。
I have been here since 1989.

2) since +一段时间+ ago
I have been here since five months ago.

3) since +从句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.

4) It is +一段时间+ since从句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student
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