Question

墨西哥的介绍(英语)

帮忙写一下介绍墨西哥的文章,用英文写,最好要附一份中文,谢谢!事后再给50分!

Answer 1

墨西哥合众国，简称墨西哥，是北美洲的一个联邦共和制国家，北部同美国接壤，南侧和西侧滨临太平洋，东南濒临加勒比海，与伯利兹、危地马拉接壤，东部则为墨西哥湾。 

The United Mexican States, referred to as Mexico, is a federal Republican country in North America. It borders the United States in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the South and west, the Caribbean Sea in the southeast, Belize and Guatemala in the east, and the Gulf of Mexico in the east.

面积1964375平方公里，为美洲面积第五大和世界面积第十四大的国家。

With an area of 1964 375 square kilometers, it is the fifth largest country in the Americas and the fourteenth largest country in the world.

人口 1.23亿（2017年），为世界第十一人口大国，西班牙语世界第一人口大国及拉丁美洲第二人口大国。墨西哥为联邦国家，包括三十二个州；其首都和最大城市墨西哥城亦为一州。

With a population of 123 million (2017), it is the 11th most populous country in the world, the largest population in Spanish and the second largest population in Latin America. Mexico is a federal state, including 32 states; its capital and largest city, Mexico City, is also a state.

扩展资料：

一、 区域位置

墨西哥领土面积1964375平方公里，是拉丁美洲第三大国，仅次于巴西与阿根廷，位居世界第十四位，位于北美洲南部，拉丁美洲西北端，是南美洲、北美洲陆路交通的必经之地，素称“陆上桥梁”。

北邻美国，南接危地马拉和伯利兹，东接墨西哥湾和加勒比海，西临太平洋和加利福尼亚湾。海岸线长11122公里。其中太平洋海岸7828公里，墨西哥湾、加勒比海岸3294公里。

二、气候特征

墨西哥气候复杂多样，由于多高原和山地，垂直气候特点明显。墨气候复杂多样。高原地区终年温和，平均气温10～26℃；西北内陆为大陆性气候；沿海和东南部平原属热带气候。

参考资料来源：百度百科－墨西哥

Answer 2

Mexico is a traveler's paradise, crammed with a multitude of opposing identities: desert landscapes, snow-capped volcanoes, ancient ruins, teeming industrialized cities, time-warped colonial towns, glitzy resorts, deserted beaches and a world-beating collection of flora and fauna.

中文介绍，但是不是对应的
国名：墨西哥合众国（The United States of Mexico , Los Estados Unidos Mexicanos）

国旗：呈长方形，长与宽之比为7∶4。从左至右由绿、白、红三个平行相等的竖长方形组成，白色部分中间绘有墨西哥国徽。绿色象征独立和希望，白色象征和平与宗教信仰，红色象征国家的统一。

国徽： 为一只展翅的雄鹰嘴里叼着一条蛇，一只爪抓着蛇身，别一只爪踩在从湖中的岩石上生长出的仙人掌上。这组图案描绘了墨西哥人的祖先阿兹台克人建国的历史。相传在很久以前，太阳神为了拯救四处流浪的墨西哥人祖先阿兹台克人，托梦给他们，只要见到鹰叼着蛇站在仙人掌上，就在那地方定居下来。居住在墨西哥北部地区的阿兹台克人在太阳神的启示下，找到图案中所描绘的地方定居下来，建立了墨西哥城。仙人掌是墨西哥的国花，象征着墨西哥民族及其顽强的斗争精神。图案中下方为橡树和月桂树枝叶，象征力量、忠诚与和平。

墨西哥是仙人掌的故乡，在仙人掌的2000多个品种中，墨西哥有一半以上，因此享有”仙人掌王国”的美誉。

国鸟：雄鹰。墨西哥人将“雄鹰”视为祖国的象征，墨西哥的国徽图案为一只嘴里叼着蛇的雄鹰伫立在仙人掌上，它的国旗中间有一雄鹰，它的硬币上也是雄鹰的标志。

国花：仙人掌、大丽菊

国石：黑曜石

独立日：9月16日（1810年）

国家政要：总统费利佩·德赫苏斯·卡尔德龙·伊诺霍萨（Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa），2006年12月1日就职，任期6年。

自然地理：面积1,964,375平方公里，是拉美第3大国，为中美洲最大的国家。位于北美洲南部，拉丁美洲西北端，是南、北美洲陆路交通的必经之地，素称“陆上桥梁”。北邻美国，南接危地马拉和伯利兹，东濒墨西哥湾和加勒比海，西临太平洋和加利福尼亚湾。海岸线长11122公里。其中太平洋海岸7828公里，墨西哥湾、加勒比海岸3294公里。有300万平方公里经济专属区和35.8万平方公里大陆架。著名的特万特佩克地峡将北美洲和中美洲连成一片。全国面积5／6左右为高原和山地。墨西哥高原居中，两侧为东西马德雷山，以南是新火山山脉和南马德雷山脉，东南为地势平坦的尤卡坦半岛 ，沿海多狭长平原。全国最高峰奥里萨巴火山，海拔5700米。主要河流有布拉沃河、巴尔萨斯河和亚基河。湖泊多分布在中部高原的山间盆地中，最大的是查帕拉湖，面积1109平方公里。墨西哥气候复杂多样。沿海和东南部平原属热带气候，年平均气温为25—27．7℃；墨西哥高原终年气候温和，山间盆地为24℃，地势较高地区17℃左右；西北内陆为大陆性气候。大部分地区全年分旱、雨两季，雨季集中了全年75％的降水量。年平均降水量西北部不足250毫米，内地为750—1000毫米，墨西哥湾沿岸中部与太平洋沿岸南部为1000—2000毫米。因墨境内多为高原地形，冬无严寒，夏无酷暑，四季万木常青，故享有“高原明珠”的美称。

人口：1．069亿（2006年底），在拉美仅次于巴西，居第二位，位居世界第十一位。其中印欧混血种人占90％，印第安人占10％，还有白人等。官方语言为西班牙语，有8％的人讲印第安语。居民中92．6％信奉天主教，3．3％信奉基督教新教。

首都：墨西哥城(Mexico City，Ciudad de Mexico) ,面积1525平方公里，人口2000万（含卫星城），海拔2240米。5月平均气温12－26℃，1月平均气温6－19℃。

行政区划：分为31个州和1个联邦区（墨西哥城），州下设市（镇）（2394个）、村。各州名称如下：阿瓜斯卡连特斯、北下加利福尼亚、南下加利福尼亚、坎佩切、科阿韦拉、科利马、恰帕斯、奇瓦瓦、杜兰戈、瓜那华托、格雷罗、伊达尔戈、哈利斯科、墨西哥、米却肯、莫雷洛斯、纳亚里特、新莱昂、瓦哈卡、普埃布拉、克雷塔罗、金塔纳罗奥、圣路易斯波托西、锡那罗亚、索诺拉、塔瓦斯科、塔毛利帕斯、特拉斯卡拉、韦拉克鲁斯、尤卡坦、萨卡特卡斯。 “世界银都”——墨西哥塔斯科 墨西哥第二大城市瓜达拉哈拉

This mix of modern and traditional, clichéd and surreal, is the key to Mexico's charm, whether your passion is throwing back margaritas, listening to howler monkeys, surfing the Mexican Pipeline, scrambling over Mayan ruins or expanding your collection of posable Day of the Dead skeletons.

Mexico is enjoyable year-round, but October to May is generally the most pleasant time to visit. The May-September period can be hot and humid, particularly in the south, and inland temperatures can approach freezing during December-February. Facilities are often heavily booked during Semana Santa (the week before Easter) and Christmas/New Year, the peak domestic travel periods.

Mexico's climate has something for everyone: it's hot and humid along the coastal plains, and drier and more temperate at higher elevations inland (Guadalajara or Mexico City, for example). Try to avoid the southern coast between July and September - the resorts are decidedly soggy and jam-packed.

Answer 3

The United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), or commonly Mexico (IPA: /ˈmɛksɪkoʊ/) (Spanish: México (help·info) IPA: [ˈmehiko]), is a country located in North America. It is bounded on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the North Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico.[2][3] The United Mexican States comprise a constitutional republican federation of thirty-one states and a federal district, the capital Mexico City, which is one of the most populous cities on Earth.

Covering almost 2 million square kilometers,[4] Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest in the world. With a population of 109 million,[5] it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world.

As a regional power[6][7] and the only Latin American member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) since 1994, Mexico is firmly established as an upper middle-income country.[8] Since joining the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, its economy has diversified and grown to become the world's 12th largest by gross domestic product (GDP), on par with Canada and Spain. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional: PRI) which had held it since 1929, culminating a process of political alternation that actively had begun at the local level during the 1980s.

After winning independence from Spain, it was decided that the new country would be named after its capital city, whose original name of foundation was México-Tenochtitlan, in reference to the Mexica tribe, generally known as the Aztecs. The origin of the name of the tribe is obscure and subject to diverse interpretations. Some[9] argue that it derives from the Nahuatl Mexitl or Mexitli, a secret name for the god of war and patron of the Aztecs, Huitzilopochtli, in which case Mexico means "Place where Mexitli lives". Another hypothesis is that the word Mexiko derives from the metztli ("moon"), xictli ("navel", "center" or "son"), and the suffix -co (place), in which case it means "Place at the center of the moon" or "Place at the center of the Lake Moon," in reference to Lake Texcoco. The system of interconnected lakes, of which Texcoco was at the center, had the form of a rabbit, the same image that the Aztecs saw in the moon. Tenochtitlan was located at the center (or navel) of the lake (or rabbit/moon).[10] Still another hypothesis suggests that it is derived from Mectli, the goddess of maguey.[10]

The name of the city was transliterated to Spanish as México with the phonetic value of the x in Medieval Spanish, which represented the voiceless postalveolar fricative /ʃ/. This sound, as well as the voiced postalveolar fricative /ʒ/, represented by a j, evolved into a voiceless velar fricative /x/ during the sixteenth century.[11] This led to the use of the variant Méjico in many publications in Spanish, most notably in Spain, whereas in Mexico and some other Spanish–speaking countries México was the preferred spelling. In recent years the Real Academia Española, which regulates the Spanish language, determined that both variants are acceptable in Spanish but that the normative recommended spelling is México.[12] The majority of publications in all Spanish-speaking countries now adhere to the new norm, even though the alternative variant is still occasionally used.[13] In English, the x in Mexico represents neither the original nor the current sound, but the consonant cluster /ks/.

For almost three thousand years, Aridoamerica (northern Mexico)[14] and Mesoamerica (central and southern Mexico)[15] were the site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations, among them the Olmecs, the Mayas and the Aztecs.

In 1519, the native civilizations of what is now Mexico were invaded by Spain;[16] this was one of the most important conquest campaigns in America. Two years later, in 1521, the Aztec capital and metropolis of Tenochtitlan was conquered by an alliance between Spanish and Tlaxcaltecs, the main enemies of the Aztecs, setting up a three-century colonial rule in Mexico. The viceroyalty of New Spain became the first and largest provider of resources for the Spanish Empire, and the most populated of all Spanish colonies.

After the independence of the vice-royalty of New Spain, it was decided to name the country after its capital, Mexico City. The city's original name was Mexico-Tenochtitlan, in reference to the name of the Nahua Aztec tribe, the Mexica.
On September 16, 1810, independence from Spain was declared by Priest Miguel Hidalgo in the small town of Dolores, Guanajuato state.[17] This was the catalyst for a long war that eventually led to recognized independence in 1821 and the creation of an ephemeral First Mexican Empire. Agustín de Iturbide was the first and only emperor. Two years later, he was deposed by the republican forces. In 1824, a republican constitution was drafted creating the United Mexican States with Guadalupe Victoria as its first President.

The first four decades of independent Mexico were marked by a constant strife between liberales (those who supported the federal form of government stipulated in the 1824 constitution) and conservadores (who proposed a hierarchical form of government in which all local authorities were appointed and subject to a central authority).[18] General Antonio López de Santa Anna was a strong influence in Mexican politics, a centralist and a two-time dictator. In 1836, he approved the Siete Leyes, a radical amendment to the constitution that institutionalized the centralized form of government, after which Texas declared independence from Mexico, obtained in 1836. The annexation of Texas by the United States created a border dispute that would cause the Mexican-American War. Santa Anna played a big role in trying to muster Mexican forces but this war resulted in the resolute defeat of Mexico and as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), Mexico lost one third of its surface area to the United States.

Evolution of the Mexican territory.Dissatisfaction with Santa Anna's return to power, and his unconstitutional rule, led to the liberal Revolution of Ayutla, which initiated an era of liberal reforms, known as La Reforma, after which a new constitution was drafted that reestablished federalism as the form of government and first introduced freedom of religion. In the 1860s the country again underwent a military occupation, this time by France, which established the Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria on the Mexican throne as Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico with support from the Catholic clergy and the conservative Mexicans. This Second Mexican Empire was victorious for only a few years, when the previous president of the Republic, the Zapotec Indian Benito Juárez, managed to restore the republic in 1867.

Porfirio Díaz, a republican general during the French intervention, ruled Mexico from 1876–1880 and then from 1880–1911 in five consecutive reelections. The period of his rule is known as the Porfiriato, which was characterized by remarkable economic achievements, investments in art and sciences, but also of huge economic inequality and political repression.[19] An obvious and preposterous electoral fraud that led to his fifth reelection sparked the Mexican Revolution of 1910, initially led by Francisco I. Madero. Díaz resigned in 1911 and Madero was elected president but overthrown and murdered in a coup d'état in 1913 led by a conservative general named Victoriano Huerta after a secret council held with the U.S. ambassador Henry Lane Wilson. This re-ignited the civil war, with participants such as Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata who formed their own forces. A third force, the constitutional army led by Venustiano Carranza, managed to bring an end to the war, and radically amended the 1857 Constitution to include many of the social premises and demands of the revolutionaries into what was eventually called the 1917 Constitution. Carranza was killed in 1920 and succeeded by another revolutionary hero, Álvaro Obregón, who in turn was succeeded by Plutarco Elías Calles. Obregón was reelected in 1928 but assassinated before he could assume power. Shortly after, Calles founded the National Revolutionary Party (PNR), later renamed the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) which became the most influential party during the next 70 years.

During the next four decades, Mexico experienced substantial economic growth that historians call "El Milagro Mexicano", the Mexican Miracle.[20] The assumption of mineral rights by the government, and the subsequent nationalization of the oil industry into PEMEX during the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas del Río (1938) was a popular move, but sparked a diplomatic crisis with those countries whose citizens had lost businesses expropriated by the Cárdenas government.

Although the economy continued to flourish, social inequality remained a factor of discontent. Moreover, the PRI rule became increasingly authoritarian and at times oppressive.[21] An example of this is the Tlatelolco Massacre of 1968, which by according to government officials claimed the life of around 30 protesters, even though many reputable international accounts reported that around 250 protesters were killed by security forces in a clash at the neighborhood.[22] In the 1970s there was extreme dissatisfaction with the administration of Luis Echeverría which took missteps in both the national and international arenas. Nonetheless, it was in this decade that the first substantial changes to electoral law were made, which initiated a movement of democratization of a system that had become electorally authoritarian.[23][24] While the prices of oil were at historically high records and interest rates were low, Mexico made impressive investments in the state-owned oil company, with the intention of revitalizing the economy, but overborrowing and mismanagement of oil revenues led to inflation and exacerbated the crisis of 1982. That year, oil prices plunged, interest rates soared, and the government defaulted on its debt. In an attempt to stabilize the current account balance, and given the reluctance of international lenders to return to Mexico given the previous default, President de la Madrid resorted to currency devaluations which in turn sparked inflation

The first small cracks in the political monopolistic position of PRI were seen in the late 1970s with the creation of 100 deputy seats in the Chamber of Deputies assigned through proportional representation with open party-lists. Even though at the municipal level the first non-PRI mayor was elected in 1947,[25] it was not until 1989 that the first non-PRI governor of a state was elected. However, many sources claimed that in 1988 the party resorted to electoral fraud in order to prevent leftist opposition candidate Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas from winning the national presidential elections who lost to Carlos Salinas, which led to massive protests in the capital.[26] Salinas embarked on a program of neoliberal reforms which fixed the exchange rate, controlled inflation and culminated with the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which came into effect in 1994. However, that very same day, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) started a two-week-lived armed rebellion against the federal government, and has continued as a non-violent opposition movement against neoliberalism and globalization. Being an election year, in a process that was then called the most transparent in Mexican history, authorities were reluctant to devalue the peso, a move which caused a rapid depletion of the National Reserves. In December 1994, a month after Salinas was succeeded by Ernesto Zedillo, the Mexican economy collapsed.