Question

初中英语语法详解

Answer 1

Answer 2

时态复习资料
一般现在时 (经常,反复,爱好,特点,条件,真理) do; does am;is;are done

一般过去时 (过去发生的事,不强调现在的结果) did; -ed was;were done

一般将来时 (将要发生的事) will do will be done

现在进行时 (现在正在发生的事) am;is;are doing am;is;are being done

过去进行时 (当时正在发生的事) was;were doing was;were being done

现在完成时 (过去发生的事,强调现在的结果) have;has done have;has been done

过去完成时 (过去完成的事；过去以前发生的事) had done had been done

过去将来时 (过去将要发生的事) would do would be done

一般现在时
1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。

2.关键词：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,

3.基本结构：动词 原形 （如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式）

4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。

5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。

二、 一般过去时

1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。

2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.

3.基本结构：be动词I was a student last year.行为动词的过去式I finished my homework yesterday
4.否定形式：was/were+not; I was not a student last year.
在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。I didn’t finish my homework yesterday

5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；Were you a student last year？
用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。Didn’t they finish my homework yesterday?

三、 现在进行时
1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。

2.时间状语：now, at this time, days, etc. look . listen

3.基本结构：be+doing He is doing his homework now.

4.否定形式：be+not+doing. He is not doing his homework now.

5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。Is he doing his homework now.

四、 过去进行时
1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。

3.基本结构 s+was/were+doing When he knocked at the door, his mother was cooking.
4.否定形式：s+was/were + not + doing. When he knocked at the door, his mother was not cooking.

5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写）Was his mother cooking, when he knocked at the door?

五、现在完成时
1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。

2.时间状语：yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+时间点，for+时间段，recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.

3.基本结构：have/has + done
The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years. 这个农村在过去的几年里变化了很多

4.否定形式：have/has + not +done. The countryside has not changed a lot in the past few years.
5.一般疑问句：have或has。Has the countryside changed a lot in the past few years.

六、 过去完成时
1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。

2.时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.

3.基本结构：had + done.
As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books.

4.否定形式：had + not + done. By the end of last month. We had not reviewed four books.
5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。By the end of last month. Had we reviewed four books.
基本结构：主语+had+过去分词(done)
①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他
②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词+其他
③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句

七、一般将来时
1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.

3.基本结构：主语+am/is/are+going to + do；will/shall + do.
It is going to rain.
They will finish work tomorrow.

4.否定形式：am/is/are not going to do ；will/shall not do。
It is not going to rain.
They will not finish work tomorrow.

5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。
Is it going to rain?
Will they finish work tomorrow?
Yes, they will.
No, they won’t.

八、 过去将来时
1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
2.时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.

3.基本结构：was/were+going to + do；would/should + do.
They told me that they would go to work in Guang dong.

4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.
They told me that they would not go to work in Guang dong.

5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。
He said he was going there.
Was he going there?

主谓一致（一）

1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数

　
Reading and writing are very important.
　注意： 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
　The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.
典型例题
　The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is　　B. was　 C. are　 D. were
答案B. 注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C.。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别， monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。

2 主谓一致中的靠近原则

1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
　There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..
　There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.
2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，　连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
　Either you or she is to go.
　Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致

　 当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
　 The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
　 He as well as I wants to go boating.

4 谓语需用单数

1） 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
　 Each of us has a tape-recorder.
　 There is something wrong with my watch.
2） 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。
　 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
　 <<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。
3） 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)
　 Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
　 Ten yuan is enough.

5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数

1） 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
　　 All is right.　　　 (一切顺利。)
　　 All are present.　　(所有人都到齐了。)
2） 集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。
　　 His family isn't very large.　　他家不是一个大家庭。
　　 His family are music lovers.　他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
　 但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
　　Are there any police around?
3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。
　A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
　The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
　A number of books have lent out.
　The majority of the students like English.

6 与后接名词或代词保持一致

1） 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。
　Most of his money is spent on books.
　Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
2） 在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
　 Many a person has read the novel.　许多人都读过这本书。
　 More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。

主谓一致（二）
1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词要用单数；主语为复数时，谓语用复数。
　　2、由and或both……and连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
　　但并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数。例如：
　　The poet and writer has come.
　　3、由and连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由each, every, no修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：
　　In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.
　　4、主语是单数时，尽管后面跟有 but ,except, besides, with ，as well as ，together with along with，like 等引导的介词短语时 ，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。例如：
　　The women with two children is my aunt .
　　注意：主语和谓语之间插入了分词短语，谓语要与主语保持一致。
　　Mr Smith , followed by his wife and three children , has just arrived.
　　5、一些只有复数形式的名词，如people, police, cattle, clothes等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。
　　6、集体名词family, class, team, group 等看作整体时，谓语动词用单数；看作每一个成员时，谓语动词用复数。
　　7、 当表示国家，城市，人名，书名，报纸，杂志，及组织机构等的专有名词做主语时，作为整体，谓语动词用单数形式。
　　The New York Times is reading all over the United States . 《纽约时报》
　　8、 news ，maths，physics ，politics等词貌似复数，实为单数，其谓语动词用单数.
　　9、“the +形容词”(如the poor ，the rich ，the young， the old ， the dead ，the sick，the brave 等)作主语，谓语动词往往用复数
　　10、由each, some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数。
　　11、有两部分构成的物体的名词，如glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors 等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
　　注意：如果这类名词前用了a pair of等，则谓语动词的单复数形式往往取决于pair的单复数形式。例如：Here are some new pairs of shoes.
　　My new pair of socks is on the bed.
　　12、表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。
　　13、不定代词由all, most, more, some, any, none作主语时，也要依这些代词表示的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果代词代表复数可数名词，谓语动词用复数；如果代词代表单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。
　　All of the work has been finished.
　　All of the people have gone.
　　14、疑问代词作主语时，其谓语动词也有两种情况：主语表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数；主语表示单数意义，则谓语动词用单数。
　　Who is your brother?
　　Who are League members?
　　15、分数(百分数)+of +名词做主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后面的名词的数。 但要注意population 一词，用作整体时，谓语动词用单数，用其部分做主语时，谓语动词形式用复数。
　　Part of the work has been done by us .
　　Ten percent of the apples were bad .
　　The population of China is 13.6 billion and 70%of the population are peasants .
　　16、half, the rest等表示不定数量的名词作主语时，如果所指为复数意义，动词用复数；如果所指为单数意义，动词用单数。例如：
　　17、由what 引出的从句作主语时，通常谓语动词用单数形式。但如果所指内容为复数意义时，谓语动词用复数形式。
　　18、由连词not……but……, or, either……or, neither……nor, not only…but also,等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近一致原则，与最靠近它的主语一致。
　　19、There be句型、以here开头的句子谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。
　　20、a number of后面加复数名词或代词，其动词用复数形式；但the number of后面加复数名词或代词时，其谓语用单数。
　　21、“one or two +复数名词”做主语,谓语动词用复数。
　　22、 many a ＋单数名词 (许多……) ； more than one ＋单数名词(不止一……)作主语，尽管意思是复数，但谓语动词还是用单数。注意： “more than +基数词＋复数名词”结构或“more ＋复数名词＋ than one做主语时，谓语用复数。
　　Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.
　　More than twenty students are playing football on the playground.
　　More members than one are against your plan.
　　23、this kind of book=a book of this kind(这种书)，作主语，谓语用单数；this kind of men=men of this kind=these kind of men(这类人，口语中用)，但this kind of men的谓语用单数，men of this kind=these kind of men的谓语用复数。all kinds of后跟复数名词，谓语用复数。
　　This kind of men is dangerous.
　　Men of this kind are dangerous.
　　24、在定语从句中主语是关系代词who , that , which , 谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。
　　注意：在“one of +复数名词+ who/that/which”引导的定语从句中，从句谓语的单复数取决 于one前是否有the (only)、the very。如果有，从句的谓语动词用单数，如没有the only， 就用复数形式。
　　This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked.
　　He was the only one of the students who was late for school.

Answer 3