Question

中医理念汗吐下和温清消补是什么意思

Answer 1

八法，即汗、吐、下、和、温、清、消、补法，就是中医治病的战术。

　　汗法切忌关门打狗
　　汗法是通过开泄腠理、宣发肺气，以促进排汗，使邪气随汗而解的一种治疗方法。“其在皮者，汗而发之”。汗法主要是解除表证的治疗方法，汗法具有发散透邪、解毒作用，可用于风疹、湿疹、癣类等一些皮肤疾患。汗法还具有祛风散湿和宣肺利水等作用，可用于风湿在表和水肿实证兼有表证者。
　　汗法是非常常用的一种治疗方法，像治疗病毒性感冒等都要用到汗法。病邪在皮表的要发汗，所以治疗外感病和皮疹、过敏、花粉症等都可以用发汗法，还有风寒感冒、风热感冒也可以用发汗的方法。
　　治疗外感病、外感发烧有一大忌讳，就是“关门打狗”。家里进来野狗，最好的办法是什么？每个人的做法可能会有不同。有人会把门打开，拿棍子等工具把狗轰出去。轰的目的是要它走，哪怕它已经给家里造成了一些损失，只要注意以后不让它再进来就是了。
　　有人会怒从胆边生，决心好好教训一下狗，于是先把门关好，以免它跑掉，然后一阵棍棒下去。你可能出气了，但也可能把家里弄得一团糟，甚至可能被狗咬伤。关门打狗，值吗？
　　治疗外感发烧也是同一个道理，驱邪外出是最关键的，如果外邪没有深入人体，哪怕只有一点表证，也不能用一派寒凉之品，以免闭门留寇，冰缚邪气。不但治不了病，还会引邪深入，使病情加重。
　　“在卫汗之可也，到气才可清气，入营犹可透热转气，入血就恐耗血动血，直须凉血散血。”温病大家赵绍琴教授在讲解这几句话时强调，要记住“汗”、“透”两字，给“邪”以出路。我深深地体会赵老说这几句话的原因，就是怕我们在治病时关门打狗，打狗不成反被狗咬。
　　吐法适用于急症
　　吐法是通过宣壅开郁和涌吐的作用，以祛除停留在咽喉、胸膈、胃肠等部位的痰涎、宿食、毒物的一种治疗方法。本法适用于实邪壅塞、病势急剧而体质壮实的患者。
　　吐法在古代很常用，现在基本不用了。比较高的部位，比如咽喉、胃、胸膈等病症可以采用吐法治疗，像食物中毒及积食不消化等。
　　下法见效快
　　下法是通过泻下通便，使积聚体内的宿食、燥屎、冷积、瘀血、水饮等有形实邪排出体外的一种治疗方法。主要为里实证而设立，因为病邪有积滞、水饮、瘀血的不同，病性有寒、热，人体有强、弱，病势有急、缓等差别，所以下法有寒下、温下、润下、逐痰、逐水、逐瘀以及攻补兼施的区别。
　　下法是现在很常用的一种治疗方法，特别是用于通便。中医有一句古话叫“实证易泻，虚证难补”，实证用下法效果明显，大便不通用泻药马上就能见效；上火了，用清火药，很快火就会下去。但如果一个人一旦身体虚，想补起来，不是一两天就可以见效的。
　　和法就是找一个平衡点
　　和法是通过和解与调和作用，以疏解邪气、调整脏腑功能的一种治疗方法。其特点是作用缓和、照顾全面，适应的症情比较复杂。和法通过缓和的手段以解除外邪，通过调盈济虚、平亢扶卑以恢复脏腑功能的协调。
　　如果一个人舌苔厚、齿痕多，这就是湿证，利湿就可以了；如果不仅舌苔厚、齿痕多，舌质的裂纹也很多，那就是既有阴虚又有湿。如果一个人刚好最近阴虚，可体内又有湿邪，这时如利湿，阴虚就会加重，如补阴，湿邪就会加重。这就两难了。同样，假如一个人体内又有寒又有热，那就会上寒下热，上半身怕冷，下半身怕热，盖被子只盖上面，下面露着脚。也有人是上热下寒，这些病症都属寒热错杂。遇到虚实夹杂、寒热错杂的病症是最难治疗的。治疗这样的病症效果慢，因为方子里既要有补，还要有泻；有清火的，还要有补阳的，效果出现得会非常慢。要让体质慢慢好起来，一定要找那个平衡点。有味常用中药叫甘草，《伤寒论》方子里出现频率最高的就是它，甘草的功能是调和诸药，能把所有药的药性变得和缓一些。
　　中医治病也好，养生也好，都有一个目标，就是求“和”，求得心理的和，求得身体每个部位的和谐。或者叫“平”，连到一起叫“平和”。《伤寒论》说：“阴阳自和者，必治愈。”告诉我们，凡是阴阳调和以后，疾病自然就好了。
　　温法可治疗阳虚
　　温法是通过温里、祛寒、回阳、通脉等，以消除脏腑经络寒邪的一种治疗方法。里寒证的发病不外乎素体阳虚，寒从中生，或寒邪直中于里，病变部位有脏腑经络之别。温法主要有温中散寒、温经散寒、回阳救逆三类。寒病的发生与阳气的关系最为密切，故本法常与补法中的温补阳气法结合使用。
　　清法可治疗热证
　　清法是通过清泻气分、透营转气、凉血散血、泻火解毒等，以清除体内温热火毒之邪，治疗里热证的一种方法。清法有清热泻火、清营凉血、清热解毒、清热祛暑、清虚热等多种。
　　消法可治疗积食不化
　　消法是通过消食导滞和消坚散结等，消除体内因气、血、痰、水、虫、食等久积而成的有形之痞结症块的一种治疗方法。消法包括两层含义，第一是指消食，小孩吃多了不消化，吃完就睡觉，积食不化，就得用消法。消食的食物有山楂、炒莱菔子、鸡内金等。第二是指“消痞散结”，比如长疙瘩、肠胀气等，可以用中药把它散开。
　　补法可治疗虚证
　　补法是通过补益、滋养人体气血阴阳，或加强脏腑功能，主治因气、血、阴、阳不足或脏腑虚弱所引起的虚证的一种治疗方法。

Answer 2

asthma 哮喘
heart disease 心脏病
arrhythmia 心律不齐
indigestion 消化不良
dermatitis 皮炎
freckle/ephelis 痣，雀斑
acne 粉刺
flu 流感
diarrhoea 痢疾
quarantine 检疫
vaccinate 打疫苗
endemic 水土不服
relapse 复发症
casualty 急症
stupor 昏迷
sprain 扭伤
scalding 烫伤
graze 擦伤
scratch 搔挠
trauma 外伤
bruise 淤伤
fracture 骨折
dislocation 脱臼
tinnitus 耳鸣
trachoma 沙眼
colour blindness 色盲
nearsightedness/myopia 近视
astigmatism 散光
gingivitis 牙龈炎
cavity 龋齿
discomfort/disorder 不适
malnutrition 营养不良
incubation 潜伏期
asthenia 虚弱
poisoning 中毒
fatigue 疲劳
heat stroke 中暑
itching 发痒
ache/pain 痛
tetanus 破伤风
night sweat 盗汗
chill 打冷颤
pale 脸色发白

头痛headache
感冒cold
咳嗽cough
肺炎pneumonia
肝炎hepatitis
脑膜炎brain fever/meningitis
急性胃炎acute gastritis
胃炎gastritis
气管炎trachitis
支气管炎bronchitis
阑尾炎 appendicitis
胃肠炎gastroenteritis
乳腺炎mastitis
肿瘤tumor
癌症cancer
禽流感bird flu/avian influenza
非典SARS(Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome)
疯牛病mad cow disease
黑死病black death
白血病leukemia
爱滋病AIDS(Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome)
流感influenza
白内障 cataract
狂犬病rabies
中风stroke
冠心病 coronary heart disease
糖尿病diabetes
肺癌 lung cancer
肝癌liver cancer
肺结核pulmonary tuberculosis
肝硬化hepatocirrhosis
慢性病chronic
肺气肿emphysema
胃癌cancer of stomach
胃病stomach trouble
心脏病heart disease
发烧fever

He feels headache, nausea and vomiting. (他觉得头痛、恶心和想吐。)
He is under the weather. (他不舒服，生病了。)
He began to feel unusually tired. (他感到反常的疲倦。)
He feels light-headed. (他觉得头晕。)
She has been shut-in for a few days. (她生病在家几天了。)
Her head is pounding. (她头痛。)
His symptoms include loss of appetite, weight loss, excessive fatigue, fever and chills. (他的症状包括没有食欲、体重减轻、非常疲倦、发烧和发冷。)
He feels exhausted or fatigued most of the time. (他大部份时间都觉得非常疲倦。)
He has been lacking in energy for some time. (他感到虚弱有段时间了。)
He feels drowsy, dizzy and nauseated. (他觉得昏昏欲睡，头晕目眩和想吐。)
He feels as though everything around him is spinning. (他感到周围的东西都在打转。)
He has noticed some loss of hearing. (他发觉听力差些。)
She has some pains and itching around her eyes. (她眼睛四周又痛又痒。)

(2) 伤风感冒：
He has been coughing up rusty or greenish-yellow phlegm. (他咳嗽带有绿黄色的痰。)
His eyes feel itchy and he has been sneezing. (他眼睛发痒，而且一直在打喷嚏。)
He has a fever, aching muscles and hacking cough. (hacking = constant) (他有发烧，筋骨酸痛和常常咳嗽。)
He coughed with sputum and feeling of malaise. (malaise = debility) (他咳嗽有浓痰，而且觉得很虚弱。)
He gets a cold with a deep hacking cough. (他伤风咳嗽。)
He has a headache, aching bones and joints. (他头痛，骨头、关节也痛。)
He has a persistent cough. (他不停地在咳。)
He has bouts of uncontrollable coughing. (他一阵阵的咳嗽，难以控制。)
He has hoarse and has lost his voice sometimes. (他声音嘶哑，有时失声。)
He has a sore throat and a stuffy nose. (他嗓子疼痛而且鼻子不通。)
His breathing is harsh and wheezy. (他呼吸时，有气喘似的呼哧呼哧作响。)
He has a stabbing pain that comes on suddenly in one or both temples. (有时突然间太阳穴刺痛。)
He has a runny nose, sneezing or a scratchy throat. (他流鼻水，打喷嚏和喉咙沙哑。)

(4) 手脚疾病：
His both hands and feet ache all over. (他两手两脚都很酸痛。)
He has pain on the sole of his feet. (他脚底很痛。)
There is a wart-like lump on the sole of right foot. (我右脚底有个像肉疣般的硬块。)
His ankles look puffy and they pit when he presses them with his finger. (pit = small dent form；句里的 they 和 them 都是指 ankles)(他的足踝好象肿了，用手按，就有小坑痕。)
The pain in his left foot is accompanied by redness and swelling. (左脚酸痛，并有红肿。)
The joints near his fingernails and knuckles look swollen. (指头和指节旁边的关节，似乎有肿大。)
He has numbness and tingling in his hands and fingers. (他的手和指头感到麻木和刺痛。)
His legs become painful following strenuous exercise. (激烈运动后，他的腿就痛。)
His knee is misshapen or unable to move. (他的膝盖有点畸形，也不能动。)
There are some swellings in his armpit. (他的腋窝肿大。)
He is troubled with painful muscles and joints. (他的筋骨和关节都痛。)
She is troubled by the pains in the back and shoulders. (她的后背和肩膀都痛。)
His knee has been bothering him for some time. (他的膝盖不舒服，已有一段时间了。)

(5) 睡眠不好：
He is sleeping poorly.（他睡不好）
He has difficulty in sleeping, inability to concentrate.（他不易入睡，也难集中精神。）
It is usually hard for her to fall asleep when she goes to bed at night.（她晚上就寝，很难入睡。）
He wakes during the night or early morning and finds it difficult to fall asleep again.（他晚间或清早醒来后，再也不能入睡。）
He has nightmares occasionally.（他有时做噩梦。）

(7) 呼吸方面：
His breathing has become increasingly difficult.（他呼吸越来越困难。）
He has to breathe through his mouth.（他要用口呼吸。）
He is short of breath, even when he has not been exercising, he is breathless.（他喘气；即使不运动，他也是上气不接下气。）
His cough is more like wheezing.（他的咳嗽有呼哧呼哧的响声。）
His cough is dry, producing no phlegm.（他是干咳，没有痰。）
He has coughed up blood.（他咳嗽有血。）
His nose stuffed up when he had a cold.（他感冒时鼻子就不通。）
He coughs up a lot of phlegm (thick spit) on most days.（他多半时间咳出浓浓的痰。）
He has a feeling of tightness in the chest or a feeling that he is suffocating.（他胸部觉得闷闷的，好象透不过气来。）

(8)口腔毛病：
He has pain in his teeth or jaw. (他的牙齿和下巴疼痛。)
He has some problems with his teeth. (他牙齿有问题。)
The tooth hurts only when he bites down on it. (他咬东西时，牙齿就痛。)
His gums are red and swollen. (他的牙床红肿。)
His tongue is red and sore all over. (他的舌头到处红和痛。)
His breath smells bad and he has a foul taste in his mouth. (他口里有怪味。)
His gums do bleed. (他牙床有出血。)
He has some sore swellings on his gum or jaw. (他的牙床和下巴肿痛。)
He has sore places on or around the lip. (他的嘴唇和周围都很痛。)
There are cracks at the corners of his mouth. (他的嘴巴角落破了。)
There are some discolored areas inside on his tongue. (他舌头里边有些地方颜色怪怪的。)

(9) 肠胃毛病：
He has a bloated, uncomfortable feeling after meal. (他饭后肚子觉得胀胀的，很不舒服。)
He has bouts of abdominal pain. (他有一阵阵的肚痛。)
He feels bloated in his abdominal area. (他感到肚子胀胀的。) (注：胀胀的，像「puff up」，但不是真正的肿「swell up」。)
The pain is mainly in the lower (upper) right part of the abdomen. (痛是在肚子下半部。)
He has nausea and vomiting. (他有恶心和呕吐。)
It is difficult or painful for him to swallow. (他吞下食物时会痛。)
He has passed more gas than usual. (他放…比平常多。)
He has been constipated for a few days. (他便秘了好几天。)
He suffers pains when he moves his bowels. (他大便时很痛。)
He has some bleeding from his rectum. (他的肛门出血。)
He has noticed some blood in his bowel movements. (他发觉大便时有些血。)
His bowel movements are pale, greasy and foul smelling. (他大便呈灰白色，含油脂的恶臭。)
His bowel movements are grey (or black) in color. (他的大便呈灰白色。)
He has trouble with diarrhea. (他拉肚子。)

(10) 血压&感官：
His blood pressure is really up. (他的血压很高。)
High blood pressure is creeping up on him.
He has noticed frequent urination, increased thirst and unexpected tireness. (他发觉常常小便，非常口渴和更加疲倦。)
It is a chest pain that gets worse when he bends over or lies down. (他弯腰或躺下时，胸部更痛。)
He has noticed excessive sweating and unexplained tireness. (他体会到过度的出汗和难以解释的疲倦。)
He has a sharp pain in one area of his spine. (他的脊椎某部位刺痛。)
He has pain in other joints including hip, knee and ankle. (其它关节疼痛包括臀部、膝盖和脚踝。)
His eyes seem to be bulging. (他的眼睛觉得有点肿胀。)
He has double vision. (他的视线有双重影子。)
He feels there is a film over his eyes. (他觉得眼里有种薄膜似的东西，挡住视线。)
His vision in the right eye blurred. (他右眼视线模糊不清。)
He has had some earaches lately. (他近来耳朵有点痛。)
He has a repeated buzzing or other noises in his ears. (他耳朵常有嗡嗡的声音。)

Answer 3

汗，发汗，常用于身体上部浮肿，感冒。
吐，催吐，常用于积食。
下，润下，常用于便秘。
和，缓和，常用于胆囊炎。
温，温中，常用于脾虚胃寒凉消化不良。
清，清热，常用于阴虚阳亢内热，肝火，心火，胃火旺盛。
消，消否，常用于痰饮引发的积聚。
补，温补，常用于五脏虚损。

Answer 4

汗法

汗法，又称解表法，运用解表发汗的方药开泄腠理，调和营卫，以达到祛除表邪治疗表证的治法。《素问·阴阳应象大论》说：“其在皮者，汗而发之”。即指凡邪气在皮毛肌肤者，皆宜采用汗法，使邪从外解，既可以控制病邪由表入里的转变，又可以达到祛邪治病的目的。所以汗法的适应证为：一切外感表证，某些水肿和疮疡病初起，以及麻疹透发不畅等兼表证者。

　　临床应用时，根据病邪性质和人体气血阴阳盛衰等的不同，汗法又具体分为辛温解表、辛凉解表、益气解表、助阳解表、滋阴解表等治法。一般说来，辛温解表适用于表寒证，辛凉解表适用于表热证，益气解表适用于气虚者的外感证，助阳解表适用于阳虚者的外感证，滋阴解表适用于阴虚者的外感证。

　　汗法之用，无论何人，均应以邪去为度，不可发汗太过，宜防伤津耗气。凡表邪已尽，自汗、盗汗、失血、吐泻和热病伤津者均为所忌。

　　此外，古人也用汗法治疗水肿，使组织中水份从汗腺排泄而去，称为“开鬼门”，如急性肾炎用越婢汤，即能消除水肿。

吐　法

　　吐法，又称为催吐法，是运用涌吐方药以引邪或毒物从口吐出的治疗***。《素问·阴阳应象大论》云：“其高者因而越之”。即指病位在胸膈胃脘之上者，可以用吐法使病邪从口而出。因此，本法主要适应症为：痰积，宿食停留于胸膈胃脘者，或误服毒物尚在胃中者。

　　临床应用时，根据病邪性质和人体强弱等的差别，吐法又分为寒吐、热吐、缓吐（适用于正虚邪实，不能速吐者）。一般来说，吐法属于急救法之一，使用得当则速效，不当则伤正，即戕胃阴损元气，故宜慎用。

　　凡病重、失血、老、幼、孕妇、产后以及气血虚弱者皆为所忌。

下　法

　　下法，也称泻下法，是运用泻下作用的方药，通过泻下大便，以达到攻遂体内食、痰、血、湿、水等结聚目的的治疗***。《素问·阴阳应象大论》云：“其下者，引而竭之”；“中满者，泻之于内”。就是指此法。即谓病位在中下焦之有形者，可以因势利导，逐引邪气从前后二阴出之。故而本法主要适用于寒、热、燥、湿诸邪与痰浊、宿食、瘀血、积水等内结的里实证。

　　临床应用时，根据病情缓急，病邪性质和结聚的食积、水湿、痰浊、瘀血等的不同，下法又分为寒下、温下、润下、逐水、攻瘀、涤痰等不同的具体治法，寒下适用于里实热证，温下适用于寒积冷凝证，润下适用于肠道津亏，阴血不足之便秘者，逐水适用于阳水实证，攻瘀适用于蓄血在下证，或干血内结证。