Question

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There is growing recognition of the importance of small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs) to economic development. In many countries, SMEs make up the
majority of businesses and account for the highest proportion of employment. The
economic and social contributions of SMEs suggest that it is in the public interest
for SMEs to thrive (Fisher and Reuber 2000). However, SMEs often have difficulty
financing their operations. Biekpe (2004) argues that most small businesses,
especially in sub-Saharan Africa, fail in their first year due to lack of support from
government and traditional banks.
Prior research has noted that banks are a major source of external capital for
small firms (see Cole and Wolken 1995; Petersen and Rajan 1994; Scherr et al.
1993). However, small firms find it more difficult to obtain bank loans than do large firms (Orser et al. 1994; Peterson and Schulman 1987). Binks et al. (1992)
caution that small businesses’ restricted access to bank debt may not be directly
attributable to their size, but rather to problems associated with the availability of
information used to evaluate a project, or information asymmetry. Banks generally
prefer borrowers with good track records of profitability, some degree of longevity,
longer-term banking relationships, and assets that can be used as collateral (Berger
and Udell 1995; Cole and Wolken 1995; Ennew and Binks 1995; Weinberg 1994),
and they employ certain strategies to minimize the risks in dealing with potential
loan borrowers. To reflect the greater uncertainty of repayment, banks may raise
the interest rates on loans to riskier borrowers, such as small businesses (Berger
and Udell 1995).

Answer 1

中小型企业对经济发展所作的贡献正愈加受到社会重视。在许多国家，中小型企业构成了产业结构的大部分，并且在就业比例中占了最大比例。其在社会、经济方面的贡献说明，大力发展繁荣中小企业是符合公共利益的需要的。然而，中小企业在日常经营中时常面临融资困难的局面。Biekpe认为许多小规模的商业活动，尤其在南非的次撒哈拉地区，第一年就夭折，在很大程度上要归结于政府和传统银行支持的匮乏。
先前的研究表明，银行是中小企业外部资金来源的一个主要渠道。但是，相较大公司而言，小公司发现他们很难从银行获得贷款。但是也有人警告说小公司难以得到银行的融资可能和他们的规模没有直接的联系，而是由于信息不对称。一般银行会比较愿意把钱借给具有良好的可溯盈利记录，一定等级的资历，和银行有长期业务关系并且资产能够被用来做担保承兑的企业。银行会使用特定的策略来使得和潜在债主之间风险最小化，如果发现偿还有许多不确定的因素，银行会提高贷款的利率后贷给借款人，比如说中小型企业。