Question

高分悬赏：中文翻译成英文。。在线翻译的不要。。今天就要。采用的追加200分。

2 中西方心理健康标准的比较
2．1 中西方心理健康标准的差异
中国文化深受儒家文化的影响，占主导地位的是主客统一的思想文化。西方深受基督教文化的影响，占主导地位的是主客二分的思想文化。Ji、Peng及Nisbett指出_6]：东方文化中的人在看待问题时所采取的认知取向是整体性的，强调的是事物之间的联系；相反，西方人则用分析式的方式处理问题，强调事物自身的特性。由于文化背景的不同，在制定心理健康标准时也有一些差异。
(1)研究思路的差异
我国学者在制定心理健康标准时多遵循“众数原则”。众数原则”提出的是一种相对标准，即个体心理健康状况与同社会的大多数人的心理特点来比较和判断 。西方国家除了遵循“众数原则”外，还提出了“精英原则”，其中代表性的当属人本主义心理学家马斯洛(H．A．Maslow)的观点。“精英思路”提出的是一种绝对标准，即心理健康程度应以个人内在天性发展的程度来确定 。
(2)自我观念的差异
正确的自我观念是心理健康的重要标志。林崇德教授曾提出“敬业乐群、自我修养”的心理健康三标准啪。所谓自我就是指主体我对客体我各方面属性或特征的综合反应嘲。中西方自我观念的不同表现为：第一，自我含义的差异。传统文化注重集体观念，其自我也相应地重集体我、轻个体我，注重自我与集体的联系，是“大我”，不是纯粹的个人主义色彩；西方文化中的自我是绝对的个体自我，是具有独特属性的区别于他人的自我，注重自我独立性。第二，自我态度的差异。首先在“我”的称谓上，中国人在对“我”的称谓时多是自贬的，如“在下”、“鄙人”；西方对“我”的称谓分为主格我和宾格我，在英语中分别是“I”和“ m e ”，其中主格我“I”在任何情境下都是大写的，在称“我”时多是褒义。其次，由“自我”组成的词组中，中国文化中多是贬义的，如“自我膨胀”、“自我标榜”等；西方文化中多是褒义的，如“自我悦纳”、“自我效能”等。再次，当个人利益与集体利益发生冲突时，中国人主张牺牲个人利益、维护集体利益；西方人认为如果此时选择牺牲集体利益是可以理解的。因此，在对自我的态度方面，中国人多是贬低个体自我的，而西方人尊重个体自我。第三，自我结构的差异。首先，中国人的自我结构中，超我的成分占有很大比例，而自我和本我的成分较少，因此，自我受到一定程度的压抑；西方社会多承认本我的存在，认为自我结构中本我、自我、超我必须协调发展。其次，中国人的自我结构中，道德我占有很大比例，理智我、审美我的比例相对较小；西方人的自我结构中，道德我、理智我、审美我的比例基本相当。
(3)人格观念的差异
人格完善是心理健康标准的重要组成部分。首先，主流人格观的差异：中国文化深受孔孟思想的影响，孟子力倡人性本善，强调人禽有别。因此，主流人格观是以孟子的性善论为基础的。如主张“仁”、“礼”、“义”，提倡“忠恕”、“宽厚”等。西方主流文化深受基督教文化的影响，认为人生来就是有罪的，邪恶、贪婪等欲念是生而有之的 1 。因此，主流人格观是以性恶论为基础的。其次，健康人格的差异：传统文化中的健康人格对人的独立性、创造性、反叛性没有给予足够的重视。西方的健康人格注重人格的独立性、创造性、反叛性。如罗杰斯(C．Rogers)强调有高度的创造性和自由感。马斯洛的心理健康标准：有独立和自立的需要；具有创造性，在所从事的工作中，时常体现创新精神；不盲从 。

Answer 1

The comparison of the standard of China and Western in mental health.
The difference standard of Chinese and Western in mental health.
Chinese culture was influenced by Confucian culture. ,in which unity of the subjective and the objective plays a dominant role. The West gets the influence of Christianity culture deeply, and the separation of them take the lead . Ji, Peng and Nisbett point out: The eastern person in culture in treat problem adopt accept to know orientaton is overallness, is emphatic to be the connection between thing; Opposite, western person handles problem and the property of emphatic thing self with the way of analysis type. Since it is different of cultural background, when establishing the standard of mental health, also has some discrepancies.
Study the discrepancy of train of thought.
The scholar of our country follows when establishing the standard of mental health " many several principle ". Many several principle " put forward is a kind of relative standard, the psychological characteristic of the most persons of same society and the individual condition of mental health is compared and judged. Western country except follow " many several principle " besides, have still put forward " elite principle ", in which representative will belong to person doctrine psychologist horse Si Luo ( H ． A ． Maslow ) viewpoint. What " elite train of thought " put forward is that a kind of absolute standard, the level of mental health should determine with the level of personal inner nature development.
The discrepancy of self idea.
Correct self idea is the important sign of mental health. Forest Chong Professor De have put forward the 3 standards of mental health of " respect trade happy crowd and self mastery " Pa. Claim self denote main part me for guest body the comprehensive reaction of my each aspect property or feature Chao. The different expression of idea is the square self of Chinese and Western: It is first , the discrepancy of self meaning. Tradition is cultural to emphasize collective idea, it is mine that its self value collective also correspondingly , light individual me, it is " big me " to emphasize self connections with collective, it does not be pure individualism colour; The self in western culture is absolute individual self , is the self who has unique property and distinguish in other person , emphasizes self independence. It is second , the discrepancy of self attitude. First on the title of " me " Chinese in the title for "I" much is from demote , as " in take off " , " me "; Secondly, by the phrase of "self" composition, in Chinese culture, it is derogatory sense , as " self expansion " , the etc. " self boosts "; The West is commendatory in culture, as " self happy fit " , the etc. " self usefulness". Is individual again benefit and collective benefit occur conflict , Chinese advocates to sacrifice personal benefit and maintenance collective benefit; Western person thinks that can understand if right now, selecting sacrifice collective benefit. Therefore in the aspect of the attitude for self, Chinese plays down individual self , and western person respects individual self. It is of 3th , the discrepancy of self structure. First, in the self structure of Chinese, exceed my composition to possess great proportion, and self and my composition are more few, therefore self get certain level contain; Western society recognizes that I's exists , think self structure in book me and self , exceed me must coordinate development. Secondly, in the self structure of Chinese morals me possess great proportion, my reasonable, my sesthetic proportion is relatively less; In the self structure of western person morals my, my reasonable, my sesthetic proportion match basically.
The discrepancy of personality idea.
Personality is perfect to be the important composition part of the standard of mental health. First the discrepancy of the personality sight of main stream: Chinese culture receive hole deeply Meng ideological influence, Mencius force Chang human nature good, it is other that emphatic person poultry have. Therefore the personality sight of main stream is basic with sexual good theory of Mencius. The western culture of main stream gets the influence of Christianity culture deeply, think that life is guilty, vicious , greedy etc. want to think of is livelihood have Zhi 1. Therefore the personality sight of main stream is basic with sexual bad theory. Secondly the discrepancy of healthy personality: The healthy personality in traditional culture is for the independence of person , is creative betray on the contrary sex do not give enough pay attention. Western healthy personality emphasize creativity and the independence of personality betray on the contrary sex. If Luo Jie Si ( C ． Rogers ) emphasize that there is the creativity of altitude, is freely. Horse Si Luo the standard of mental health: There is independence with self support needs; Have creative , often embody innovation spirit in the work been engage in; Do not follow blindly.
The standard of Chinese and Western of mental health similar.
Though the standard of Chinese and Western of mental health has above-mentioned discrepancy, two also show many similar places. As Liu Hua Shan points out: Know the various views of watching domestic and international scholar for the standard of mental health , can discover common place more than branching 1. We think that the similar place of two has following few aspects mainly.
Pay attention to human relations harmonious.
China from ancient pay attention to human relations harmonious. Mencius day: " the old of the person as well as old of Lao Wu, young Wu young as well as young person, world can transport in palm ". Yu mother 3 the purpose that moved for is is son option a good circle of human communication. Though the self in western culture is the self on individual meaning, social property is the most basic property of person , is any and personal to can not get rid of the influence of social environment completely. Leslie is talking and the successful standard of the standard of mental health put forward: Is completely possible for different person to design different successful standard, this depends on him to handle social ability as well as the ability of personal life , and judges that the one of important index of a person social ability is the behavior ability of human relations. Evidently the West __ standard also emphasize the coordination of human relations very much.
Pay attention for self with realistic knowledge.
For self with realistic correct knowledge as well as based on correct knowledge foundation on establish proper goal for maintenance individual mental health most important. Our country has from ancient " person your have self-knowledge " , the saying of " do not aim too high ". Taiwanese scholar opens the standard of mental health of spring mood: Know self and affirm self; Self worths sense and self-respect; Ideal pursue do not break away from reality. American psychologist hero suddenly the standard of mental health of tower ( Jahoda ． M ): Accept self , can appraise own good qualities and shortcoming realisticly , is for realistic perception ability o.
Pay attention for person business justice explore the thought of the Confucianist pay attention to ideal personality mould , person doctrine the pursue of paying attention for healthy personality. Two pay attention to the self of personality to perfect, and have similar psychological goal — — let one live more have dignity , more comfortable , more happiness, reach self perfect ]. Thus it can be seen two pay attention for person business justice explore and pursue.
What have difference is that the personality of the Confucianist emphasize morals on perfect , and person doctrine emphasize individual Qian can play.
The standard of Chinese and Western of mental health suit.
About the square mental health of Chinese and Western standard join now have had a lot of scholars who have put forward constructive view, as " suit and develop is the basic object of the investigation of mental health " , the 1 " perfect spiritual health is survival standard and the combination that develops standard " , the etc. " now the western standard of mental health in our country transplant and apply in will surmount 3 limitations". How to the standard of mental health of be western with current national conditions appearance connection, is the psychology interface of our country the realistic problem that faced.
Pay attention to the research of the social group standard of mental health.
Because of the research of mental health, it is more late to start , now the domestic standard great part of mental health is for the West lead into. Western culture is taking individual as the central reflection of viewpoint of value, is the trend of affecting and separating personal and social relation of despising the culture of society in the standard of mental health. If the standard of mental health of incorrect group is limited , does not discuss the standard of mental health of individual from the angle of group , produces unfavourable influence certainly for the theoretical and practice work of the field of mental health, especially disadvantage in the practice working developments such as psychological consulting and psychotherapy. On the foundation of discussing the individual standard of mental health now , should strengthen subject cooperation , combine national conditions , discuss the standard of mental health of the present social group of our country further.
Mould the modern social personality of independence and creativity.
The modernization of society at the same time ask the modernization of person. The American Britain shelf of sociology scholar Er ( A ． Ingalls ) have discussed the modern modern importance for society of person: " now any a country, if it's national citizen does not go through such a kind of psychology and personality, on to the change of modernness, rely on foreign aid and transfer only, can not make it step from a backward country into the ranks of modern country successfully ]. 10 near few years come to our country, is economic and fast to increase , it is been that the key autonomous intellectual property in some technologies of high shrewd tip that our country possesses partially is not much high that the modern level of society increases increasingly, at the same time, should also see. How to comply with national conditions mould modern social personality , mould " innovation type talent ", is the present psychology interface of our country the important program that faced. In the current standard of mental health for personality mould aspect have also overlooked the creativity of person.
Only, develop its creativity, person Qian can talent excavate , the entire inner world of person can just develop perfect).
Guide teenagers to set up correct self idea.
The standard of mental health takes the role of directiveness in the education of mental health, therefore is necessary to guide teenagers to draw the positive aspect in the square self sight of Chinese and Western , make them set up correct self idea. One is set up to consider both little me and my self. Should first affirm that little I's worths , encourages proper character to spread , realizes personal value , will at the same time also consider both the benefit of other person and collective when realizing self value, especially is two benefit contradiction , will handle properly. 2 is guide teenagers melt morals me and reason me , sesthetic me in one body. In teenagers the education of mental health is not only the duty of school psychology worker, it needs the common cooperation of subject much department , is in this respect , Mark D W ． ＆ Kathleen E A ． the school project of mental health that put forward and is extended ( expanded school mental health programs ) deserve refering to , school psychology worker and the teacher cooperative psychological consulting organization of school and community cooperate , pay attention to the ordinary and special psychological needs of teenagers group together. The original instrument and equipment owned that used had been also laid in a room of apartment. In house have displayed the various shapes used in chemical research and microbiology research that former long Ba Si De does personally burn distiller and the fine copper system microscope of bottle and handwork produce, explanation and the label of these utensils is Ba Si De own handwriting write , from these furnishings can find out Ba Si De of same year to be not only a great scientist of careful thought, and it is still a skillful craftsman with consummate skill;
At the same time in house have still displayed a series of Ba Si De young the color chalk drawing made, from these works, we have again seen a one side with little-known scientist; Here can still see not colleague scholar to stem from gratitude give the valuable gift that gives Ba Si De ].
Ba Si De studies that the globalization of place develops.
Ba Si De studies that the research condition paid attention to is supplemental to work , arrives from 1900 for 1903 , is established into biological chemical laboratory , the treatment hospital of infectious disease with ask to inquire building; To apply the discovery of curie ( M ． Curie ) in medical science , Ba Si De studies that place and Paris university cooperation have established Ra research institute; In 1932, tuberculosis building input is used; After the Second World War finishes , have soon constructed P4 level the virus laboratory that has high-grade protection; In 1954, have established cell biological chemical experiment building; Besides the annual member biology experiment building of l971, the immunity of 1981 study experiment building, in 1986 the completion of the biological experiment building of engineering science have suited the needs of research work closely l8J. While strengthening self construction, Ba Si De studies that the organization that emphasizes the public research with France establishes close cooperative relation, for instance the university etc. of French national research center, French national health and medical research institute as well as France are its cooperative partner. In stand the foundation of homeland firm development on, Ba Si De studies place again go to foresight input world-wide scope, with World Health Organization have developed close cooperation, it is to organize the site of 8 cooperative centers; And in whole world establishment 29 researches minute place organization. Exclude to indicate, Ba Si De studies , return to possess the biggest microbiology library of France, it founds with a lot of books of Ba Si De for foundation. Holding exceeds two-hundreds thousands volumes, some can trace back the ammunition end of microbiology always. In recent years, Ba Si De studies to develop the cooperative relation with the company of pharmacy company's and biological technology, in 1997 14 companies 2005 years between found totally.
Ba Si virtue research institute as Ba Si virtue build place hope " our research institute the treatment center that will become hydrophobia , the research of infectious disease is central with training center ", this magnificent scheme has realized , and develops step by step continuously forward for campsite
哥们我是自己翻译和机器相结合的。。绝对用心的。。

Answer 2

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Answer 3

2 Chinese and Western standards of mental health compared

2.1 Chinese and Western standards of mental health differences

Chinese culture by the impact of Confucian culture, the dominant subject and object are unified ideology and culture. Western Christian culture by the influence of the dominant subject and object are the two sub-culture of idea. Ji, Peng and Nisbett pointed out _6]: Eastern culture look at people in question taken by the cognitive orientation is holistic, stressing the links between things are; In contrast, Westerners are used analytic approach problem, emphasizing the characteristics of things themselves. Because of different cultural backgrounds, in the formulation of standards for mental health there are also some differences.

(1) to study differences in ideas

China scholars in the development of mental health standards for many to follow "the principle of plural." Plural principles "put forward by a relative standard, that is, individuals with mental health status of society most of the psychological characteristics of people to compare and judge. Apart from Western countries to follow" the principle of plural ", but also put forward the" elite principle " , one of representation among humanistic psychologist Maslow (H. A. Maslow) of opinion. "elite ideas" put forward are an absolute standard, that is, the extent of mental health should be based on the personal development of the extent of the intrinsic nature to determine.

(2) differences in self-concept

Right of self-concept are an important indicator of psychological health. Professor Lin Chongde had "dedicated Lequn, self-cultivation," the mental health of three standard black. The so-called self-refers to the main object of my on my property or the characteristics of various aspects of the comprehensive response ridicule. Western self-concept in different manifestations: first, the meaning of self-difference. Collective focus on the concept of traditional culture, its self-weight of collective correspondingly me, light my individual focus and the collective self-contact, are the "big me" is not purely individualistic color; Western culture of the individual self is absolutely self - is a unique property of self from others, pay attention to self-independence. Second, differences in self-attitude. At first "I" on the title, China at the "me" when the title are many degree of self-debasement, such as "next", "I"; West "I" of the title is divided into nominative me and my Binger, separately in English are "I" and "me", one of my nominative "I" in any context are capitalized, and in that "I" when many are complimentary sense. Secondly, by the "self" component of the phrase, the Chinese culture are many negative connotation, such as "self-expansion", "self", etc.; Western culture are many complimentary sense, such as "self-acceptance," "self-efficacy "and so on. Again, when the individual and collective interests are in conflict, China advocates the expense of personal interests, and safeguard the collective interests; Westerners think if at this time select the expense of collective interests is understandable. Therefore, in the attitude of self-respect, many Chinese people are belittling the individual self, and respect for individual self-Westerners. Third, the self-structure differences. First of all, China's self-structure, super-me account for a large proportion of the ingredients, and my self and the fewer the ingredients, so a certain degree of self-repression; many Western societies admit the existence of me, think of self structure this me, self, super I have coordinated development. Secondly, China's self-structure, a large proportion of my morality, my rational, aesthetic, a relatively small proportion of mine; Westerners self-structure, my ethics, my rational, aesthetic proportion of my fairly basic.

(3) the concept of personality differences

Personality perfect mental health are an important part of the standard. First of all, the mainstream concept of personality differences: the Chinese culture by the impact of thought of Confucius and Mencius, Mencius ago that people are basically good, there is another emphasis of poultry people. Therefore, the mainstream concept of personality is based on the Original Goodness of Human Nature On Mencius based. Ideas such as "benevolence", "li", "justice" to promote "forgiveness", "generous" and so on. Western mainstream culture by the impact of Christian culture, to think life is guilty, evil, greed and desire, such as are birth-1. Therefore, the mainstream concept of personality is based on the evil nature. Second, the healthy personality differences: the traditional culture of the healthy personality to the people of independence, creative, rebellious nature has not given enough weight. Western health-oriented character of the independence of personality, creativity, sexual rebel. Such as Rogers (C. Rogers) stressed that there is a high degree of creativity and sense of freedom. Maslow's psychological health standards: there is the need for independence and self-reliance; with creativity at work in, often embodied the spirit of innovation; not blindly.

Answer 4

emphasize the thing itself. Because of different cultural background, mental health standards and have some difference.
(1) the research
Chinese scholars in mental health standards formulated following "the more". The principle of "is a kind of relative standard, namely the mental health status of the individual with the majority of social psychology to compare and judgment. Western countries besides following" the principle ", also put forward "elite" principle, including representative should belong to humanism psychologist maslow H.A.M (aslow)." The "elite thought is an absolute standard, namely the mental health level by individuals shall be within the degree to determine the nature development.
(2) a sense of self
Correct concept of self is an important symbol of mental health. "LinChongDe professor JingYeLeQun, self-discipline" mental health three standard pa. So-called self is subject to various aspects of the object I I attribute or characteristics of comprehensive reaction chao. Western concept of self expression meaning for: first, the differences of self. Traditional culture, the ego to collective concept correspondingly lighter weight collective, individual and collective to me, "self" is not purely personal creed colour, The western culture itself is absolutely unique individual self, is the attribute of the self in others, and emphasizing individual independence. Second, the attitude. First, in the "I", Chinese on the title of "I" is more than when the next, such as "I"; "," For the "I" in western nominative points and appellations as I, in English is "I" and "m e," "I" nominative me in any circumstances are capital, said "I" is BaoYi. Secondly, by the phrase "self" composition in Chinese culture, is more pejorative, such as "ego" and "special", etc. The western culture is BaoYi, such as "self-receiving" and "self-efficacy", etc. Again, when the personal interest and the collective interests conflict, Chinese personal interests and maintaining expense claim collective interest, Westerners believe that if choose sacrifice collective interests is understandable. Therefore, in the manner of self, the Chinese are down individual self, while the westerners respect individual self. Third, the differences of self. First of all, Chinese people's ego structure and composition of my great proportion, and self and the composition of I, therefore, less by a certain degree of depressive, I admit the western society more, think of me, the structure of ego self, I must be coordinated development. Secondly, the structure of Chinese moral self, I possess great proportion, the reason I, aesthetic my ratio is relatively small, Westerners self structure, moral, I, I, I was the proportion of aesthetics.
(3) personality differences of ideas
Improvement of personality is the mental health is an important part of the standard. Firstly, the differences between the mainstream personality view: Chinese culture deeply influence of Confucius, mencius thoughts promoted the goodness, emphasizes man birds. Thus, mencius is the mainstream personality view on the basis of theory of goodness. Such as "benevolence", "the ritual", "righteousness", advocate "loyalty will", "generous", etc. Western mainstream culture deeply influence of Christian culture life, to is guilty, evil, greedy desires is born as of 1. Therefore, the mainstream personality view is based on the theory of evil. Secondly, healthy personality differences in traditional culture: the independence of healthy personality and creativity, bolshy didn't give enough attention. Western healthy personality on the independence of the personality, creativity, bolshy. If ogers) emphasize C.R Rogers (highly creative and freedom. Maslow's mental health standards: independent and self-reliance, The creative work, in the spirit of innovation, and often, Don't follow.

Answer 5

o,no