Question

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三批判人与人之间赤裸裸的物质利益关系，
构建整体内部的和谐
生态整体观不仅强调母系统的整体平衡和稳定，还强
调子系统、主要是人类这个子系统的内部关系对于母系统
的平衡稳定的重大作用。因而人类社会内部人与人之间关
系的和谐，社会公正的实现也是生态整体观所关注的一
部分。
斯坦贝克批判了技术文明下人与人之间赤裸裸的物质
利益关系。技术文明带来表面的繁荣，人类的贪婪和欲望
随着征服自然空前膨胀，物质利益成了衡量人与人关系的
唯一标准，对人性——人类的美德、对同胞的责任感却在急
剧衰败。小说的第二十五章描写了加利福尼亚由于技术文
明所带来的土地丰产的景象，然而大量化肥的“滋养”下的
水果的丰收却演变成了腐烂的大灾难。“患糙皮病快死的
孩子们非死不可，因为农场老板得不到橙子的利润。验尸
员在验尸证书上必须填上‘营养不良致死’，因为食物只好
任其腐烂，非强制着使它腐烂不可。”孩子，本是人类种族的
延续，然而在种族生存和欲望之中人类选择的竟是后者，他
们亲手毁掉自然的丰饶，眼睁睁地看着子孙后代的“营养不
良”，听凭死亡随意夺去他们的生命，因为他们不肯让自己
的利益受到一点点损失。于是，随着水果的腐烂，人类对自
然乃至人类自身的同情、关爱、理解和尊重都一同腐烂、衰
败，人与人之间除了物质利益毫无温情可言。因而斯坦贝
克把这说成是“一种无法投诉的罪行，一种眼泪不足以象征
的悲哀”。
同时，斯坦贝克也构建了整体内部人际关系的和谐，即
一无所有的流动工人间关系的和谐。如乔德妈所说，“我懂
得了一个很好的道理，天天都在体会这个道理，时时刻刻都
在体会。你要是遭到了困难，或是受了委屈，有了急需要
— — 那就去找穷人帮忙吧。只有他们才肯帮忙——只有他
们。”在乔德一家的流亡路上，这种和谐时时刻刻体现出来，
温暖、支撑着在生存线上苦苦挣扎的人们。约德爷爷病中，
威尔逊一家将自己仅有的帐篷让给他休息；一个名叫梅的
女侍者，以几乎相当于白给的价格卖给一对父子糖果，深受
感动的卡车司机临走时留下一笔数额不少的小费；乔德妈
在一家人都无法填饱肚子的情况下分食给饥饿中的孩子；
牧师凯西为汤姆主动顶罪。让读者印象最深刻的是小说的
最后一幕，刚产下死婴身体孱弱的莎伦攻给奄奄一息的人
喂奶的举动。同时，流动工人也在慢慢地融为一个整体，为
实现社会的公平而不断抗争。小说最后汤姆对乔德妈的一
席话暗示，他准备肩负起凯西的责任，为争取社会平等、公
正而奋斗。这些无私、正义的人物与行为既建立起一种和
谐的内部关系，同时也体现了斯坦贝克的生态理想和追求
— — 扩大自我，超越自身地位和利益，追求公正、公平，弘扬
为整体利益而做出的自我牺牲。
生态整体主义并不否定人类的生存权和不逾越生态承
受能力、不危害整个生态系统的发展权，更不是反人类的生
态中心理论。罗尔斯顿认为，人类，作为生物链上的一环，
同时也作为“生态系统最精致的作品”和“具有最高内在价
值的生命”，必须建立以生态系统“整体意识为基础的责任
感”，必须承担起“对生态系统的义务”，把世界连同其所有
物种从生态危机中解救出来，勇敢地承担起自己对重建整
个生态系统平衡稳定的责任，保持生态系统的美丽、和谐及
完整。斯坦贝克的小说《愤怒的葡萄》充分体现了生态整体
观的思想，批判了人类中心主义、技术文明对生态系统的破
坏及在人类子系统内部造成的生态失衡，同时也构建了一
个理想的生态和谐的世界：在批判、预示生态危机所引发的
人类危机的同时，赞美了为整体利益而做出的自我牺牲，呼
吁作为生态圈一分子的人所应承当的生态责任，体现了斯
坦贝克高度的生态责任感。

Answer 1

Three critical interpersonal relationship between the material interests of naked,
Construction of overall harmony of the internal
The overall concept of the ecological system not only emphasize the mother's overall balance and stability, but also strong
Tone system, the major subsystems of human relations within the home system for
The balance of the major role in stability. Human society and therefore the internal clearance between people
Department of harmony, social justice is the implementation of the overall concept of the ecological concerns of one
Part.
Steinbeck criticism of technical civilization, naked among the material
Interests. Technology brought about by the surface of civilization and prosperity, human greed and the desire
With the unprecedented expansion of the natural subjugation and material interests of human beings has become a measure of the relationship between
The sole criterion of human nature - the virtues of humanity, a sense of responsibility to compatriots in the acute
Drama decline. Twenty-fifth chapter of the novel describes the technology because of the text of California
Arising out of sight of land yield, but a large number of chemical fertilizers, "nourish" the
Harvest fruit rot has evolved into disaster. "Suffering from pellagra quickly die of
kids, not because the boss orange farm profits. A post-mortem
Certificate in the post-mortem must be put on 'malnutrition death', because food had to
Allowed to decay, non-enforcement of it is not decomposed. "Children, the human race
Continuity, but in the race of human survival and the desire of the selection was the latter, he
Their own hands to destroy the rich natural, watched the coming generations "nutrition is not
Good ", let death take away their lives freely, because they refused to let their own
Interests are a little bit of loss. Thus, as the fruit rot, since human
However, even the sympathy of mankind, love, understanding and respect for all with decay, decline
Lost, except among people without any warmth at all the material benefits. Thus Sternby
Grams of this as "a crime not a complaint, a symbol of tears is not sufficient
Sorrow. "
At the same time, Steinbeck also constructed within the overall harmony of human relationships, that is,
Nothing of the relationship between migrant workers and harmonious. Such as Ma Qiao said, "I understand
Had a very good reason, at every day understand this point and always
Experience at. If you have been difficult, or by the aggrieved, with an urgent need to
- - Let it go to help the poor. Only before it is prepared to help them - only he
Have. "In the Qiao family in exile on the road, which always reflected a harmonious,
Warmth, support in the struggle for survival of people online. Grandfather tak ill,
Wilson will own a tent, only to give him the rest; one of name is mey
Female waiter to give almost the same as the price of white father and son to sell candy, by
Before I left touching the truck driver left behind a lot of tips sum; Ma Qiao
In a person can not fill his belly at the case of food to the hungry children;
Pastor Tom Casey to take the initiative to blame. To give readers the most impressive novels are
The final scene of the dead babies had just given birth to Sharon to attack the weak to the dying person
Act of breast-feeding. At the same time, migrant workers are slowly melting as a whole, in order to
Implementation of a fair and society continue to struggle. Finally Tom novels Qiao mother of one of
I then suggested that he was prepared to shoulder the responsibility of Casey, in order to fight for social equality, public
The struggle is. These selfless, just characters and behavior to establish both a and
Harmonic of the internal relations, as well as Steinbeck reflect the ideals and the pursuit of ecological
- - Expansion of self, beyond their own position and interests, the pursuit of justice, fairness, promote the
Made for the overall interests of the self-sacrifice.
Marxism does not negate the overall ecology of human survival and for not to exceed the ecological
By ability, not to harm the entire ecosystem of the right to development, nor the humanity of Health
Center-state theory. Ralston believes that human beings, as a link on the food chain,
At the same time as "the most delicate ecosystems of the works" and "price with the highest intrinsic
Value of life "must be to set up eco-system" based on the overall sense of duty
Flu ", we must assume" the obligations of the ecosystem, "put the world together with all its
Species from the ecological crisis in the rescue, brave to take on the reconstruction of their whole
Balanced eco-system stability, to maintain ecosystem beauty, harmony and
Integrity. Steinbeck's novel "The Grapes of Wrath" fully reflects the overall ecological
Concept of thought, critical of human-centrism, technology and civilized break on ecosystems
Bad and subsystems in the human ecological imbalance caused by internal, but also to build a
An ideal eco-harmonious world: at a critical, indicating an ecological crisis caused by
At the same time, the human crisis, praise for the overall interests of the self-sacrifice to make, call
Called as a member of the ecosystem when the people of the promise of eco-responsibility, embodied Adams
a high degree of ecological responsibility.