Question

翻译！急求汉翻英！翻译好了再追加100分

从功能的角度看，语篇功能主要有三种：表情、传递信息和宣传鼓动。根据Christiane Nord的观点，语篇功能是值语篇在具体环境中实现的一种或几种交际功能的总和，语篇功能只有再具体的交际 环境中、具体的交际行为再顺利完成之后才会得到体现和确定。其中交际环境和交际参加者（通常是读者）变成为至关重要的因素。这对原语语篇是如此，对译文语篇也不例外。由于原语语篇和译语语篇的交际环境和交际参加者互不相同，原语语篇通过某种语篇手段达到的语篇功能不一定能在译语语篇中也能起到预期的译文功能。Christiane Nord在“译文功能理论”的基础上提出译文功能必须由跨文化交际行为的目的是否实现来确定，因为翻译是一种带有目的性行为的跨文化交际活动【1】 （白靖宇。文化与翻译[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社。2000.）。 在Katharina Reiss, Hans Vermeer 和Christiane Nord的翻译目的论中，任何语篇的翻译目的是译者在翻译过程中要考虑的首要因素。
中餐菜单作为一个完整而独立的语篇，是“信息类语篇”。 因为通常情况下菜单只是提供一系列可供选择的菜名方面的信息。从语篇功能方面看，英译的中餐菜单是“传递信息”的。其预期译文功能是让广大的海外人士在中国的餐馆或酒店用餐时，能够看懂菜单上的一道道菜名，了解这些美味佳肴是用什么原料做的，因而可以随心所欲地点他们喜欢吃的菜肴。者是翻译中餐菜名的目的之一，目的之二是让广大的海外人士在品尝中餐美味的同时增加对中餐的了解，让中餐成为我国对外文化交流的使者，从而让中国餐饮业走向世界。

3.1 目的法则是指导菜谱翻译的最高原则
目的论认为,翻译活动是有目的的交际行为。菜谱翻译也不例外。翻译过程涉及了不同的参与者,并都在翻译过程中起着不同的作用。按照功能翻译理论的划分,整个翻译的参与者包括:发起者、委托人、译者、原文生产者、译文接受者和译文使用者(Nord, 2001: 19 - 22) 。在《中文菜单英文译法》出炉过程中，发起者或委托人可默认为中餐酒店餐厅,中餐菜单即为原文 ,译文接受者即就餐外国友人等 、使用的时间、场合是酒店就餐前，以及译文的目的是有效传递菜肴信息,引起食客食欲,从而赚取利润，传播中华美食文化 。在目的论中,目的法则是最高法则,翻译目的决定翻译的整个过程。菜谱翻译要实现的预期功能是在一个新的文化环境中再现原文在源语文化中的各种功能,如传递菜肴信息,激起食欲,鼓励消费。翻译目的为译者进行菜谱翻译提供了总的翻译指导原则,为译者指明了工作的方向和目的。
在菜谱翻译中,译者应以有效传递菜肴信息为总的指导原则,尽最大可能忠实译出菜肴的内容、烹调方法等等。
3.2 连贯性和忠实性法则是实现译文文本功能的基本要求
目的论提出的连贯性法则和忠实性法则在很大程度上有助于译者较好地完成翻译工作,因为它为译者提供了两个基本的翻译标准:连贯性法则要求译文必须让接受者理解,实现语内连贯;忠实性法则则要求译文尽可能地忠实于原文,实现语际连贯。应用到菜谱翻译中,即,菜谱译文要尊重英语国家的文化和传统,要让他们接受;同时,菜谱译文也要尽可能忠实地传达菜肴的信息。总之,要确保译文的预期功能在译语文化中顺利再现。功能目的论者针对自己的翻译理论研究,也提出了相应的翻译策略, 其中的等功能翻译( equifunctional translation)为菜谱翻译提供了有效的翻译手段。等功能翻译是指译文与原文在功能上相等(平洪, 2002: 21) 。应用到菜谱翻译中,即,菜谱英译文也要起到与中式菜谱相等的功能。结合目的论及等功能翻译策略,本人在菜谱翻译中采用了如下翻译方法。
我自己也会用软件。。。我是找不到相关英文书了才来求助的，请认真帮我下！

Answer 1

On view of function, the textual function mainly divided into 3 types： the expression, information and publicity. According to the view, Christiane Nord discourse function is the total communication function in specific environment in the discourse of one or more. And function can be completed and determined only after the specific communication environment, and specific communicative behavior are finished successfully. One communication environment and communicative participants (usually readers) become the crucial factor. Due to the fact that the communication environment and communicative participants are different in source language text and the target language text, the textual function may not reach the expected function. Based on “textual function”, Christiane Nord proposed that the function of version should be determined whether the cross-cultural purpose is realized, because the translation is an intentional behavior with the intercultural communicative activities (Bai;2000:页). In Katharina Reiss, Hans Vermeer and Christiane Nord ‘s translation skopos theory, the purpose is the primary factors to consider in the process of translation in any text translation.
As a full and independent discourse, Chinese menu belongs to "information discourse". Because a menu usually only provides a series of information for customers to order dishes. From the textual function, the translation of Chinese menu is to express information. It’s function is to let the masses of overseas get the meaning of the menu, get to know the material of dishes and order what they really enjoy in Chinese restaurants or hotels. It’s one of the purposes of menu translation and the other is to help the Chinese food get popular in the whole world.

3.1 Skopostheorie as the highest principle
Skopostheorie is the highest principle in directing menu translation. The translation is an intentional behavior with the intercultural communicative activities， so it is with the menu translation. The process involved different participants which have different roles in translation. The participants include: sponsor, principal, translator, text writer, text acceptor and text user. (Nord, 2001: 19 - 22) 。In Chinese Menu in English Version the sponsor is hotel, Chinese menu is text, the acceptor is foreigner. The purpose of this text is to expressing food menu information, stimulating the appetite of customers and spreading Chinese food culture. Skopostheorie is the highest principle in directing menu translation and help guide the main direction of translation process. The function can be reproduced the function as it before in a new culture environment is the expected function, such as expressing food menu information, stimulating the appetite of customers, booting consumption and spreading Chinese food culture. The purpose of translation provides the overall guiding principles of translation for the translator and point out the work direction and purpose for the translator. So a translator should follow the principle expressing food menu information to translate the main material and cookery as faithful as possible.

3.2 Continuity principle and fidelity principle
Better help to the translator completing the translation work, here are two principles in skopostheorie: continuity principle and fidelity principle. Continuity principle require text understand by acceptor and achieve intralingual consistency;
Fidelity principle require text be close to the original and achieve interlingual consistency. To apply theory to practice, the menu translation should respect the culture and heritage of English-speaking countries with the intention of being accepted by them. At the same time, the menu translation should express dish information as faithful as possible. In short, the guarantee is to reproduce the expected function in the receptor language. Based on their theory of skopostheorie, the theorists propose strategies for translation, one of which is equifunctional translation as the controlling factors in menu translation. And when a target-text function is the same as that of the source text, it may be called an equifunctional translation.。To apply theory to practice, a translated menu function is the same as that of the Chinese menu. According to skopostheorie and equifunctional translation, the translation of Chinese Menu in English Version may be analyzed.

Answer 2

From the perspective of function, discourse function basically has 3 kinds: the expression, information and publicity. According to the view, Christiane Nord discourse function is the value in specific environment in the discourse of one or more of the total communication function, discourse function only to specific communication environment, specific communicative behavior again after successfully completed and will be determined. One communication environment and communicative participants (usually) into the crucial factor. This text is the source of the text, so no exception. Due to the source language text and the target text communication environment and communicative participants to differ, the original text means to achieve through some of the discourse function can not in the target language text also can have expected the function. Christiane Nord in "function" theory is proposed on the basis of the function of intercultural communicative behavior must be determined whether the realization of the goal, because the translation is an intentional behavior with the intercultural communicative activities [1] (BaiJingYu. Culture and translation [M]. Beijing: China social science press. 2000.). Katharina Reiss, Hans in Vermeer and Christiane Nord translation skopos theory, any text translation purpose is in the process of translating the primary factors to consider.
Chinese menu as a full and independent discourse, "information discourse". Because usually menu selection of only provide a series of dishes. From the textual function, the translation of Chinese menu is "information". Its function is to let the masses of overseas Chinese restaurants or hotels at dinner, can see the menu, understand these dishes a delicacy is what material do, thus can follow one's inclinations place they like to eat food. The purpose of translation is one of Chinese dishes, the purpose is to let the masses of overseas Chinese in tasting delicious food on the increase, let Chinese has become China's cultural exchanges, thus let the angels of China catering to the world.

Law is the guiding menu 3.1 purpose the supreme principle of translation
Translation skopos theory, the purpose is communication. Recipes translation is not exceptional also. Translation process involves different participants, and are in the process of translating plays a different role. According to the function of translation theory, the translation of the participants include: the trustor, initiator, producers, translation, translators and translation user recipients, 2001: Nord (19-22). In the English translation of Chinese menu from process, sponsors or client can default for Chinese restaurant, hotel, food menu is for the recipient namely repast foreign friends, etc, and use of the time, the situation is the hotel dining, and the purpose is to transfer information, cause diner appetite dishes, and profit, spreading the Chinese food culture. In principle, the purpose of skopos theory is the supreme law, the purpose of translation to determine the whole process of translation. To achieve the expected menu translations in a new culture is the function of environment in the source language text representation of various functions, such as transmission dishes, arouse appetitive information, encourage consumption. For the purpose of translation on menu provides general translation, translators translation guiding principles for the work of the specified direction and purpose.
In translation, translators should menu with effective transmission dishes for general information guiding principle, the best possible faithful translation dishes content, cooking method, etc.
3.2 consistency and faithful principle is to realize the function of the basic requirements of the text
The consistency principle and the aim of faithfulness in largely help translator completed translation work better, because it provides two basic for the translation criteria: the consistency principle request to make recipients, realize coherence within the language comprehension, Faithful law requires the possible faithful to the original text, interlingual coherent. Application to menu, namely, to respect the English translations menu of national culture and tradition, to let them accept, At the same time, it also wants as far as possible menus faithfully convey information of dishes. Anyhow, want to ensure the expected in the target language culture function smoothly. Functions for translation theorists purpose theory study, and puts forward the corresponding translation strategies, including the function such as equifunctional translation (maybe) for menu translations provided effective means of translation. Translation is refers to the function such as original equal in function, 2002: flat hong (21). Application to menu, namely, the translation of English will play menu with Chinese cookbook equal function. Combined with objective function such as touching my translation strategies in the translation of recipes, using methods of translation as follows.

Answer 3

我在电子词典上翻译的：As for functional angle, the language sheet function has three kinds mainly: Information and agitprop expressing feelings , transferring. Viewpoint according to Christiane Nord, the language sheet function is a kind of that the value language sheet realizes in concrete environment or the several kinds the communicative function sum , language sheet function ascertain that only when that concrete social intercourse behavior is completed again smoothly in still concrete social intercourse environment, is able to be embodied a sum afterwards just now. Social intercourse environment and social intercourse attendance (be reader generally) among them are become for all-important factor. This is so-called to plain language language sheet, to translation language sheet neither exception. The environment and the social intercourse attendance are not same as mutually , the language sheet function that the plain language language sheet reaches by some kind of language sheet means can not ncessarily because of the plain language language sheet and the social intercourse translating the language language sheet in translating the language language sheet also can get up arrive at expected translation function. Christiane Nord must ascertain that from striding over culture coming if social intercourse behavior purpose come true bringing forward the translation function on "translation function theory " basis , exercise [1] (Bai Jing Yu because of translation is social intercourse growing as well as having the purpose sexual behaviour's a kind of striding over culture. Culture and translation [M]. Beijing: Chinese social sciences press. 2000). . In Katharina Reiss , Hans Vermeer and Christiane Nord translation teleology, any language sheet translation purpose is the first factor that the translator asks to think in translation process. That the Chinese food menu is a entire but independent language sheet, is "that information is similar to the language sheet ". Because of the menu provides a series under normal conditions only may provide alternative dish name aspect information. As for language sheet function aspect, the English translation Chinese food menu is "to transfer information's". Be able to look at the dish name on knowing a menu when the person anticipates that the translation function is to let the extensive overseas personage have a meal in the Chinese eatery or hotel,knowing these delicious food delicious dishes is what raw material to use to compose , can do as one likes as a result place they are fond of the cooked food eating. Person is one of the purpose translating the Chinese food dish name , two of purpose is to let the extensive overseas personage increase the .know about to Chinese food while sampling Chinese food delicious food , lets Chinese food become our country cultural exchange with foreign countries emissary , lets the Chinese meal drink a job going globewide thereby. 3.1 purpose laws are to guide the maximal principle teleology that the cookbook translates to think , translating an activity is to social intercourse behavior having purpose. The cookbook is translated neither exception. Translation process has related to the different participator , has been playing no same role in translation process and. According to that the function translates the theory partition,entire translation participator includes: Initiate person , consignor , translator , original producer , translation recipient and translation user (Nord, 2001: 19- 22). In putting up stove process "Chinese menu English translates law " , initiate person or the consignor but tacitly approve that for Chinese food hotel dining hall, the Chinese food menu is to be an original, food culture transferring cooked food information , arousing hanger on of an aristocrat appetite , earning profit thereby , spreading China before the translation recipient being that the repast foreign friend waits , time , occasion being put into use being that the hotel repasts, as well as the translation purpose is effective. In the teleology, the purpose law is a maximal law , translates the entire process that purpose decision translates. The cookbook translates various function in anticipating that the function is reproducing an original in a new cultural environment in source language culture needing to come true, if transferring cooked food information , arousing appetite , encouraging consumption. Translate purpose for the translator carries out cookbook translation having provided general translation governing principle , be that the translator has shown clearly direction and purpose working. In cookbook translation, translator Ying Yi You effect delivery cooked food information is general governing principle , uses up honest maximal possibility translating out the cooked food content , cooking method and so on. 3.2 continuities and honest laws are that the basic realizing the translation version function requires that continuity law and honest law brought forward by teleology is conducive to a translator to a great extent be completed fairly good translating a job, because of it is that the translator has provided the fundamental two translation standard: The continuity law requires that translation must dodge recipient make of , realizes language inner Lian Guan; Honest law requires that translation is as far as possible faithful to the original , realizes language time Lian Guan. Apply to cookbook translation middle , be, culture and tradition that cookbook translation asks to respect the English country, need to make them recipient; At the same time, cookbook translation also needs the information communicating cooked food as far as possible honestly. In short ,need to ensure translation's anticipating that the function is reproduced smoothly in translating language culture. The function teleologist studies specifically for self translation theory , have also brought forward corresponding translation tactics , among them wait for function translation (equifunctional translation) to have provided effective translation means to cookbook translation. Wait for function translation to be 2002 refer to translation and (flat equal on the function original flood: 21). Apply to cookbook translation middle , be, cookbook English translation also is going up arriving at the function equal to Chinese style cookbook. Purpose has touched upon union waiting for a function to translate tactics , I have adopted to translate method as follows in cookbook translation. Problem is supplemented: I self also is able to use a software. . . I be to have been unable to find the relevance English book coming to seek help just now, help me to fall carefully please!

Answer 4

3.1 The purpose of law is the highest guiding principle of the menu translation
The purpose of the view that the purpose of translation activities are acts of communication. Menu translation is no exception. Translation process involves different participants, and are in the process of translation plays a different role. Translation Theory in accordance with the division of functions, the entire translation of the participants include: the initiator of a client, a translator, the original producers, asked the recipient and the user asked (Nord, 2001: 19 - 22). In the "Chinese Menu in English translation," due process, the initiator or the client can be the default hotel for the Chinese restaurants, Chinese food menu is the original recipients asked that the foreign friends, such as eating, use of time, the hotel dining occasions before
And asked the purpose of an effective transmission of food information, loss of appetite caused by customers, thereby making a profit, the spread of Chinese food culture. On the purpose, the purpose of law is the highest law, translation of the whole purpose of the decision process of translation. Recipes to achieve the expected translation function is a new reproduction of the original cultural environment in the source language culture in a variety of functions, such as the transmission of food information, arouse appetite, encourage consumer spending. The purpose of the translator to translate the menu for the translation of the translation provides the overall guiding principles for the work of the translator points out the direction and purpose.
Translation in the menu, the translator should be to effectively convey information to the general food guidelines, faithfully translated to the maximum extent possible the contents of dishes, cooking methods and so on.
3.2 consistency and fidelity rule of thumb is asked to achieve the basic requirements for text features
The purpose of the coherence of proposed laws and rules of fidelity to a large extent contribute to the translator to complete the translation work better, because it provided for the translator the translation of two basic criteria: consistency rule requirements must be asked to accept those who understand it, to achieve coherence within the phrase; faithful to the requirements of the law are asked to be faithful to the original as possible, to achieve inter-language consistency. Translation applied to the menu, that is, recipes asked English-speaking countries to respect the culture and tradition, let them; At the same time, the menu also asked dishes, as faithfully as possible to convey information. In short, it is necessary to ensure that the translation is expected to function in the target language culture, the smooth reproduction.
Function for the purpose of their translation from theoretical research, but also the translation of the corresponding strategy, which features such as translation (equifunctional translation) translation for the menu provides an effective means of translation. Features such as translation and the original text refers to Mr functionally equivalent (Ping-hong, 2002: 21). Translation applied to the menu, that is, recipes to play with the English translation of the same features of Chinese recipes. The purpose of combining the functions of address translation strategies, translation of my recipes use the following translation