Question

急!帮忙翻译一篇文章:汉译英!

下面是一篇关于信用证风险的文章,希望有强人能帮忙翻译一下,非常紧急,最晚11日24时!谢谢! 追加50分! 最好按照专业术语来翻译

出口方的风险主要有以下几个方面：
一．进口商不依合同开证
最常见的是：进口商不按期开证或不开证(如在市场变化和外汇、进口管制严格的情形下)；进口商在信用证中增添一些对其有利的附加条款(如单方面提高保险级别、金额、变换目的港、更改包装等)，以达到企图变更合同的目的；进口商在信用证中做出许多限制性的规定等
二．进口商故设障
进口商往往利用信用证"严格一致"的原则，蓄意在信用证中增添一些难以履行的条件，或设置一些陷阱。如规定不确定，有字误以及条款内容相互矛盾的信用证
信用证上存在字误，如受益人名称、地址、装运船、地址、有效期限等打错字。此外，信用证中规定禁止分批装运却又限定每批交货的期限，或既允许提示联运提单却又禁止转船，或者要求的保险的种类相互重叠等，这些无疑是相互矛盾的
三．进口商伪造信用证，或窃取其他银行已印好的空白格式信用证，或与已倒闭或濒临破产的银行的职员恶意串通开出信用证等
四．进口商规定要求不易获得的单据的信用
某特定人签字的单据，或注明货物配船部位或装在船舱内的货柜提单、或明确要求FOB可CFR条件下凭保险公司回执申请议付，这些对作为受益人的卖方来说根本无法履行或非卖方所能控制
如：信用证规定，要求受益人提供由商检局出具品质和数量和价格检验证明的条款，根据中国商品检验局的规定，商检局只能出具品质和数量的检验证明，但不能出具价格的检验证明。因此，非卖方所能获得，应及时要求买方通过银行修改，取消有关价格检验的词句。
五．信用证规定的要求与有关国家的法律规定不一或有关部门规章不同
实践中，卖方不可疏忽大意的是虽然信用证表面规定有利于己方的条件，但有关国家或地方的法律以及有关出单部门的规定，不允许信用证上的规定得以实现。
六．涂改信用证诈骗
进口商将过期失效的信用证刻意涂改，变更原证的金额，装船期和受益人名称，并直接邮寄或面交受益人，以骗取出口货物，或诱使出口方向其开立信用证，骗取银行融资。
七．伪造保兑信用证诈骗
所谓"伪造信用证诈骗"，是指进口商在提供假信用证的基础上，为获得出口方的信任，蓄意伪造国际大银行的保兑函，以达到骗取卖方大宗出口货物的目的。
八．规定必须另行指示知才能生效的信用
如果信用证规定须进一步才能装船、装船日期另行通知、货物样品经检验认可等，都可能造成因不通知而不了了之，致使卖方备货后，由于货价的上涨或下跌而受损失
九．规定要求的内容已非信用证交易
如果信用证规定必须在货物运至目的地后，货物经检验合格后或经外汇管理当局核准后才付款；或规定以进口商承兑汇票为付款条件，如买方不承兑，开证行就不负责任，这些已非信用证交易，对出口商也没有保障可言。

Answer 1

出口方的风险主要有以下几个方面：
一．进口商不依合同开证
最常见的是：进口商不按期开证或不开证(如在市场变化和外汇、进口管制严格的情形下)；进口商在信用证中增添一些对其有利的附加条款(如单方面提高保险级别、金额、变换目的港、更改包装等)，以达到企图变更合同的目的；进口商在信用证中做出许多限制性的规定等
二．进口商故设障
进口商往往利用信用证"严格一致"的原则，蓄意在信用证中增添一些难以履行的条件，或设置一些陷阱。如规定不确定，有字误以及条款内容相互矛盾的信用证
信用证上存在字误，如受益人名称、地址、装运船、地址、有效期限等打错字。此外，信用证中规定禁止分批装运却又限定每批交货的期限，或既允许提示联运提单却又禁止转船，或者要求的保险的种类相互重叠等，这些无疑是相互矛盾的
三．进口商伪造信用证，或窃取其他银行已印好的空白格式信用证，或与已倒闭或濒临破产的银行的职员恶意串通开出信用证等
四．进口商规定要求不易获得的单据的信用
某特定人签字的单据，或注明货物配船部位或装在船舱内的货柜提单、或明确要求FOB可CFR条件下凭保险公司回执申请议付，这些对作为受益人的卖方来说根本无法履行或非卖方所能控制
如：信用证规定，要求受益人提供由商检局出具品质和数量和价格检验证明的条款，根据中国商品检验局的规定，商检局只能出具品质和数量的检验证明，但不能出具价格的检验证明。因此，非卖方所能获得，应及时要求买方通过银行修改，取消有关价格检验的词句。
五．信用证规定的要求与有关国家的法律规定不一或有关部门规章不同
实践中，卖方不可疏忽大意的是虽然信用证表面规定有利于己方的条件，但有关国家或地方的法律以及有关出单部门的规定，不允许信用证上的规定得以实现。
六．涂改信用证诈骗
进口商将过期失效的信用证刻意涂改，变更原证的金额，装船期和受益人名称，并直接邮寄或面交受益人，以骗取出口货物，或诱使出口方向其开立信用证，骗取银行融资。
七．伪造保兑信用证诈骗
所谓"伪造信用证诈骗"，是指进口商在提供假信用证的基础上，为获得出口方的信任，蓄意伪造国际大银行的保兑函，以达到骗取卖方大宗出口货物的目的。
八．规定必须另行指示知才能生效的信用
如果信用证规定须进一步才能装船、装船日期另行通知、货物样品经检验认可等，都可能造成因不通知而不了了之，致使卖方备货后，由于货价的上涨或下
The risk of the exporter in the following areas:

1. Importer issuing the contract for non-compliance

The most common is: do not schedule importer issuing or not issuing (such as changes in the market and foreign exchange, import control strictly the case); importer in letters of credit in favor of adding some additional terms (such as unilateral raise the insurance level, the amount of changing the port of destination, change the packaging, etc.) in order to achieve the purpose of attempting to change the contract; importer in letters of credit to make a number of restrictive regulations

二. It importers for impaired

Importers often use letters of credit "strict line" principle, deliberately added in the letter of credit are difficult to fulfill the conditions, or set some traps. If the provisions of uncertainty, there is the word error, as well as contradictory terms of the letter of credit

The existence of credit misuse of the word, such as beneficiary names, addresses, shipping vessels, address, expiration date, such as a typing error. In addition, letters of credit in partial shipment prohibited but limited the duration of each delivery, or through bills of lading is prompted to allow it to prohibit trans-shipment, or the requirements of overlap between the types of insurance, which is contradictory

三. Importers of forged letters of credit, or theft of other banks have a blank form printed letters of credit, or the brink of bankruptcy has been closed down or the bank's staff malicious collusion, such as opening of letters of credit

四. Importers required documents are not readily available credit

Signature of a particular document, or indicate that the goods with the site or in a ship cabin and container bill of lading, or explicitly requested under the condition of FOB may CFR receipt by the insurance company to apply for negotiation, such as the beneficiary is not the seller beyond the control of the seller or non-fulfillment

Such as: letter of credit requirement for the beneficiaries of Export Commodities Inspection Bureau issued by the quality and quantity and price testing to prove the terms of China Commodity Inspection Bureau in accordance with the provisions of Export Commodities Inspection Bureau issued only test the quality and quantity of proof, but it can not issue price of the test proved. Therefore, the available non-seller, the buyer should be modified through a bank to remove the words and phrases related to price tests.

五. The requirements of the letter of credit with the relevant provisions of national laws and regulations in different departments or different

Practice, the seller can not be negligent of the surface, although the provisions of the letter of credit in favor of one's own conditions, but the state or local law and the provisions of a single department, the provisions do not allow letters of credit can be achieved.

六. Altered the letter of credit fraud

Importers of expired letters of credit will be deliberately altered, changing the amount of the original permit, loading period and the beneficiary name and beneficiary of direct mail or in person to cheat the export of goods, or to induce the direction of the opening of export letters of credit, bank financing fraud.

7. Forged letters of credit insurance against fraud

The so-called "forged letter of credit fraud" refers to the importer to provide the basis of false letters of credit, in order to obtain the confidence of exporters and deliberately forged international banks confirming letters to cheat the seller in order to achieve the purpose of bulk exports.

8. Instructions required to know in order to separate the entry into force of the credit

If the letter of credit required to be shipped, shipping date of notice, samples of goods approved by the inspection, which may probably be caused by nothing because they did not notice, with the result that the seller after the stock, due to price increases or the next

Answer 2

　　The exporter risks mainly in the following aspects:
　　A contract of issuing unconventional. Importers
　　The most common is: importer fails to issuing or not issuing (such as foreign exchange in the market changes and strictly control the import, cases), Importers in the l/c to add some of the additional terms unilaterally (such as insurance amount, transform, port of destination, package, etc.), change to change in order to achieve the purpose of the contract, Importers in the l/c to many restrictive provisions, etc
　　2 therefore manning. Importers
　　Importers often use credit "strict" principle, deliberately consistent in the l/c to add some difficult conditions, or set some pitfalls. If not, are determined by words and terms of l/c content contradictory
　　The l/c beneficiary, such as existing character name, address, shipment date, expiration date and address such dozen wrong word. In addition, the letter of credit with partial shipment prohibited and limit the deadline of each batch delivery, or allowing clew combined bill of lading and prohibit transshipment, or request the kinds of insurance, etc, these overlapping is contradictory
　　Three, or forgery. Importers/steal other Banks have printed with credit, or blank format has been closed on the brink of bankruptcy or the bank clerk vicious collaboration to open the l/c
　　4. Importers requirements of documents to the credit
　　A person, or the documents signed goods with parts or in the container ship, or within explicit conditions may request the FOB by insurance company CFR voucher application, such as beneficiaries of negotiation for the seller cannot fulfill or the seller can control
　　L: as required by the bureau, issued by beneficiary provides quality and quantity and price of the inspection certificate issued by China commodity inspection bureau, according to the provisions of the regulations, the bureau of quality and quantity issued only the inspection certificate issued by the price, but not the inspection certificate. Therefore, the seller shall promptly to require buyer, through the bank to cancel the price changes, the inspection phrases.
　　5. L/c with the requirements of the relevant national laws or regulations are different departments concerned
　　In practice, the seller cannot neglectful, although the l/c is more advantageous conditions stipulated surface, but the relevant national or local law and the relevant provisions of the single department, don't allow the provisions on the l/c.
　　6. Alter credit fraud
　　Importers will expired l/c, change the original issuing deliberately to alter the amount, shipment and beneficiary's name, and direct mail or retain the beneficiary to cheating export goods, or induces export credit, diddle their bank financing.
　　7. Forge confirmed credit fraud
　　So-called "counterfeit credit fraud" refers to the importer in providing false, on the basis of the credit for the exporter of trust, deliberate forge international big bank confirmation letter to defraud the bulk of export goods.
　　8. To know otherwise can credit
　　If a credit requires further to shipment date of shipment, the goods without notice, sample inspection approval, because not all may cause, the sellers shall notify and disappear after the preparation, because the price rise or fall and loss
　　9. The requirements of credit transactions. The content has
　　If l/c shall be in goods to the destination, the inspection of goods after the approval by the exchange control authorities or after payment. In the draft regulations or importer for terms of payment, if the buyer is not accepted, the issuing bank is irresponsible, these have the credit transactions, no guarantee for exporters.

　　我的是对的 一定

Answer 3

The risk of the exporter in the following areas:
1. Importer issuing the contract for non-compliance
The most common is: do not schedule importer issuing or not issuing (such as changes in the market and foreign exchange, import control strictly the case); importer in letters of credit in favor of adding some additional terms (such as unilateral raise the insurance level, the amount of changing the port of destination, change the packaging, etc.) in order to achieve the purpose of attempting to change the contract; importer in letters of credit to make a number of restrictive regulations
二. It importers for impaired
Importers often use letters of credit "strict line" principle, deliberately added in the letter of credit are difficult to fulfill the conditions, or set some traps. If the provisions of uncertainty, there is the word error, as well as contradictory terms of the letter of credit
The existence of credit misuse of the word, such as beneficiary names, addresses, shipping vessels, address, expiration date, such as a typing error. In addition, letters of credit in partial shipment prohibited but limited the duration of each delivery, or through bills of lading is prompted to allow it to prohibit trans-shipment, or the requirements of overlap between the types of insurance, which is contradictory
三. Importers of forged letters of credit, or theft of other banks have a blank form printed letters of credit, or the brink of bankruptcy has been closed down or the bank's staff malicious collusion, such as opening of letters of credit
四. Importers required documents are not readily available credit
Signature of a particular document, or indicate that the goods with the site or in a ship cabin and container bill of lading, or explicitly requested under the condition of FOB may CFR receipt by the insurance company to apply for negotiation, such as the beneficiary is not the seller beyond the control of the seller or non-fulfillment
Such as: letter of credit requirement for the beneficiaries of Export Commodities Inspection Bureau issued by the quality and quantity and price testing to prove the terms of China Commodity Inspection Bureau in accordance with the provisions of Export Commodities Inspection Bureau issued only test the quality and quantity of proof, but it can not issue price of the test proved. Therefore, the available non-seller, the buyer should be modified through a bank to remove the words and phrases related to price tests.
五. The requirements of the letter of credit with the relevant provisions of national laws and regulations in different departments or different
Practice, the seller can not be negligent of the surface, although the provisions of the letter of credit in favor of one's own conditions, but the state or local law and the provisions of a single department, the provisions do not allow letters of credit can be achieved.
六. Altered the letter of credit fraud
Importers of expired letters of credit will be deliberately altered, changing the amount of the original permit, loading period and the beneficiary name and beneficiary of direct mail or in person to cheat the export of goods, or to induce the direction of the opening of export letters of credit, bank financing fraud.
7. Forged letters of credit insurance against fraud
The so-called "forged letter of credit fraud" refers to the importer to provide the basis of false letters of credit, in order to obtain the confidence of exporters and deliberately forged international banks confirming letters to cheat the seller in order to achieve the purpose of bulk exports.
8. Instructions required to know in order to separate the entry into force of the credit
If the letter of credit required to be shipped, shipping date of notice, samples of goods approved by the inspection, which may probably be caused by nothing because they did not notice, with the result that stock the seller, because the value of the up or down by the loss of
九. Requirements as non-credit transactions
If the letter of credit required in the goods to the destination, the goods by check or approved by the foreign exchange control authorities after the payment; or require the importer to accept a draft for payment terms, such as the buyer does not accept, the evidence line on the irresponsible, the source of these non-credit transactions, there is no guarantee for exporters at all.