Question

专业英语翻译，求答案，谢谢！

One of the earlier published applications of genomics to
vaccinology has been to identify and clone open reading
frames (ORFs) that encode putative virulence factors and
surface-localized proteins of a particular bacterial pathogen
. Using existing algorithms to predict surface localization
and comparisons to known vaccine candidates, several
hundred ORFs may be cloned into expression systems.
The relative binding properties of antibodies to ORF
products can be assayed using a whole-cell enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or fluorescent activated
cell sorter (FACS) analysis. Leading vaccine candidates are
then tested in animal models or in vitro assays designed to
provide some indication of the ability of the antigen to
elicit a protective immune response.
Although this process, sometimes referred to as reverse
vaccinology, represents an enormous advance compared
to conventional methods, it still requires a considerable
amount of time and effort. Fortunately, as more genomes
are being sequenced and analyzed, additional criteria are
rapidly being developed that can be used to improve the
in silico screening process for identification of surface
proteins . Particularly useful in this regard is a centralization
of databases and tools that permits a variety of
analyses and comparisons to be made.
Information about the genome structure of microbial
pathogens lends valuable information regarding the juxtaposition
of potential vaccine targets relative to repeated
regions, mobile genetic elements or pathogenicity islands.
Also, the rapidly developing field of comparative genomics
is beginning to define specific sets of metabolic and
pathogenic markers that are likely to confer the selective
advantages required for a pathogen to infect specific hosts
and occupy a particular niche. DNA microarrays have
been used to define specific genetic adaptations present in
different endemic and pandemic strains of Vibrio cholerae
and indicate that a limited number of genes are
responsible for the enhanced fitness of pandemic strains.
Comparative genomics of Staphylococcus aureus and
other human pathogens show that more than 20% of the
genome can be devoted to strain-specific functions. Given
that this diversity can be disproportionately present in
cell-surface antigens, comparative genomics becomes an
even more important method for large-scale screening of
conserved vaccine targets. Alternatively, identification of
genes unique to pathogenic biotypes may provide
specific vaccine targets and avoid potential complications
of inducing immunity to normal commensal strains.

Answer 1

一个先前公布应用基因组学，以
疫苗已确定并克隆开放阅读
张（码）编码致病因素和假定
表面局部蛋白质特定细菌病原体
。使用现有的算法来预测表面定位
比较已知的候选疫苗，几个
100码可能是克隆到表达系统。
相对结合特性的抗体编码
产品可检测使用的是全细胞酶联
免疫吸附试验（ ELISA ）或荧光激活
细胞分选（仪）分析。领先的候选疫苗是
然后测试在动物模型或体外实验设计
提供一些迹象的能力抗原
引起保护性免疫反应。
虽然这个过程中，有时也被称为反向
疫苗，是一个巨大进步相比，
常规方法，但它仍然需要一个相当大
大量的时间和精力。幸运的是，随着更多的基因组
正在测序和分析，其他标准是
迅速发展，可用于改善
筛选过程，在硅片表面的识别
蛋白质。特别有用，在这方面是一个中央集权
数据库和工具，允许各种不同的
分析和比较，以作出。
有关的微生物基因组结构
病原体借给了有价值的信息就并列
潜在的疫苗目标相对反复
地区，移动遗传因素或致病岛。
此外，迅速发展的领域的比较基因组学
开始确定具体套代谢和
致病性标志有可能赋予的选择性
优势所需的病原体感染特定主机
占据一个特定位置。 DNA微阵列有
被用来确定具体的遗传适应本
不同的流行和大流行株霍乱弧菌
并表明，数量有限的基因
负责加强健身的流行株。
比较基因组学和金黄色葡萄球菌
其他人类病原体表明， 20 ％以上的
基因组可用于应变具体职能。鉴于
这一多样性可以不成比例地在
细胞表面抗原，成为一种比较基因组学
更重要的方法进行大规模检查
保守疫苗的目标。另外，鉴定
独特的致病基因生物可提供
具体疫苗的目标和避免潜在的并发症
诱导免疫功能正常的共生菌。