我也遇到了同样的疑问。给大家参考下我们的做法（日期2019-8-8）。
我们这边是因为需要报关和开发票，英文中文还是要对应下。
国外客户用的是bolt，中文翻译为螺栓, 但是工厂说这个叫螺钉。产品见下图。
根据楼上回答，我又查了wikipedia，主要还是看做什么用，连接用是bolt。根据对照，我们这边国外发票还是bolt, 增值税专用发票用螺钉。
以下内容来源： wikipedia
Bolts vs. screws
Main article: Screw § Differentiation between bolt and screw
Bolted joint in vertical section
Screw joint
The distinction between a bolt and a screw is commonly misunderstood.[citation needed] There are several practical differences, but most have some degree of overlap between bolts and screws.
The defining distinction, per Machinery's Handbook,[2] is in their intended purpose: Bolts are for the assembly of two unthreaded components, with the aid of a nut. Screws in contrast are used in components which contain their own thread, and the screw may even cut its own internal thread into them. Many threaded fasteners can be described as either screws or bolts, depending on how they are used.
Bolts are often used to make a bolted joint. This is a combination of the nut applying an axial clamping force and also the shank of the bolt acting as a dowel, pinning the joint against sideways shear forces. For this reason, many bolts have a plain unthreaded shank (called the grip length) as this makes for a better, stronger dowel. The presence of the unthreaded shank has often been given as characteristic of bolts vs. screws,[3] but this is incidental to its use, rather than defining.
The unthreaded grip length should be chosen carefully, to be around the same length as the thickness of the material and washers through which the bolt passes. An overly long unthreaded length prevents the nut from being tightened down correctly. An insufficient unthreaded length results in the threads extending into the hole, and places the dowel shear load onto the threads, which may cause fretting wear on the hole. No more than two turns of the thread should be within the hole.[4]
Where a fastener forms its own thread in the component being fastened, it is called a screw.[2] This is most obviously so when the thread is tapered (i.e. traditional wood screws), precluding the use of a nut,[2] or when a sheet metal screw or other thread-forming screw is used.
A screw must always be turned to assemble the joint. Many bolts are held fixed in place during assembly, either by a tool or by a design of non-rotating bolt, such as a carriage bolt, and only the corresponding nut is turned.[2]
