“独立主格结构”在句中的功能就相当于一个带有自己主语的状语从句。众所周知非限制性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语,从而依附于主句。而有些非限制性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语,在结构上与主句不发生关系,因此成为独立主格结构。其实,虽然叫做独立主格结构,并不是真正的独立,它还是一种从属分句,在句中有多种作用。如:表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等,在句中通常起状语作用。有时还可以做定语 。
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如:
1) 表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。the meeting being over相当于when the meeting was over
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。her work done相当于when her work was done
2) 表示条件
The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若条件有利,他或许能成功。the condition being favorable相当于If the condition is favorable
3) 表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车,我们只好步行。There being no taxis相当于Since there was no taxis,
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。as the night was dark and frosty
4) 表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors,and silver is the best of all.)
5) 表示补充说明
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活。
*注:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。
特点
(1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
(2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词存在逻辑上的主谓关系,即逻辑主语为动作执行者。
(3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。(不绝对)
3类型编辑
独立主格类型1:名词(代词)+现在分词
The question being settled, we went home.问题解决之后,我们就回家了。
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好,我们就进行比赛。
The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了,我们最好还是延期开会吧。
独立主格类型2:名词(代词)+过去分词
The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The last bus gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了,我们必须走路回家。
More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间,我们会把工作做得更好。
独立主格类型3:名词(代词)+不定式
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来,我们将把会议推迟到下周。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他,他一定会成功的。
独立主格类型4:名词(代词)+介词短语
The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。
A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了,手里拿着书。
He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着,眼睛望着她的背影。
独立主格类型5:名词(代词)+形容词或副词
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排,嘴半开着。
She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前,衣领已解掉,头低了下来,拿好钢笔,准备开始写一封长信。
独立主格类型6:There being +名词(代词)
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会。
独立主格类型7:It being +名词(代词)
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了。
2024-11-14 广告
独立主格用法大揭秘
老师叮咛:李辉老师说,学任何东西先要把一些概念说清楚——名不正则言不顺。做任何一门学问,要知道这里头的概念说的是什么意思,就是正名的过程。因此,真正明白独立主格结构,至关重要!本文也将通过对独立主格结构的概括来帮助同学学会独立主格结构。下文经过了全网首席高考英语名师李辉老师团队高度认真的整理校对,无错,可信!可供全国各省高中打印、学习、背诵!
一、含义:
“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。它只能依附于句子存在,不能独立存在,在句中有多种作用。如:表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等,在句中通常起状语作用。
二、形式:
独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成:第一部分有名词或代词担任,第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语担任。
名词/代词+非谓语(现在分词,过去分词,动词不定式)
eg: You crying,I smiled.
你哭,我笑。(现在分词)
eg: Good-bye said,he went home.
说再见,他回家了。(过去分词)
eg: So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.
有如此多的人来帮助他,他一定会成功的。(动词不定式)
名词/代词+介词短语
eg: Hand in hand,we went home.
手拉手,我们回家。
名词/代词+形容词
eg: He ugly,I am handsome.
他丑,我英俊。
名词/代词+副词
eg: My mom home,I can't go out and play.
我的妈妈一回家,我就不能出去玩。
按其结构形式分为:—ing 分词独立主格结构;—ed分词独立主格结构;无动词独立主格结构等。
1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.
由于无事可做,他们离开了。(代词+-ing;表原因)
2、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.
老人坐在椅子上,闭着眼睛。(名词+-ed;表状态)
3、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.
王老师走进教室,手里拿着书。(无动词结构;表伴随)
三、独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同:
1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转化成状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换成状语从句后,有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致;而分词短语转化为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语相同。
eg: If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend.
=Time permitting,we’d better have a rest at this weekend.
如果时间允许,本周末我们最好休息一下。
2、 还应该注意,分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致,而是主句的其他成分。语法上称作“依着原则”;有些分词结构在句子上找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作“悬垂分词”。
eg: Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time.
在屋里找表,用了我很长时间。(依着原则)
eg: When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.
(我们)种花时必须小心,不能碰坏花根。(悬垂分词)
四、独立主格结构与独立成分的异同:
1、有的分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上已经成了习惯短语。
这些短语:generally speaking, frankly speaking, judging from, supposing等等。
eg: Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.
总的来说,这个规则很懂。
2、有些固定短语是带to的不定式,表明说话人的立场和态度,在句中作独立成分。
这些短语有:to be honest, to be sure, to tell you the truth, to cut a long story short,
to be frank, to make the matter worse等等。
eg: To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion.
说实话,我在会上说的并不是我的意见。
五、with、without 引导的独立主格结构
介词with / without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构,上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。
1、with+名词代词+形容词
eg: He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.
=He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.
他并不喜欢在窗户关闭的时候睡觉。
注意:在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中,也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。
eg: With his son so disappointing,the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
2、with+名词代词+副词
eg: Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.
=Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on.
所有的灯都打开时,我们的学校看上去更美。
3、with+名词代词+介词短语
eg: He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand
=He stood at the door, computer in hand.
=He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.
他站在门口,手里拿着一部电脑。
4.with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式
eg: With his homework done, Peter went out to play.
=When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.
作业做好了,彼得出去玩了。
5.with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式
eg: The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.
=The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.
有这么多的孩子坐在他周围,那男子感到很高兴。
6.with+名词代词+动词不定式
eg: The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.
=The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.
有这么多的家庭作业要做,小男孩看上去很不开心。
提示:在with / without 的复合结构中,多数情况下with 能省略,但without 不能省略。
eg: Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。(without不能省略)
六、独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外,还能作定语。在形式上,“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾,并通常用逗号与主句隔开。
A.作状语
独立主格结构作状语,其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。
1.表示时间
eg: Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.
=When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.
夜幕降临,我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。
2.表示原因
eg: With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
=As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
有许多难题要解决,新当选的总统日子不好过。
3.表示条件
eg: Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.
=If weather permits,we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.
如果天气允许的话,我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。
提示:表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首,并且不能保留连词。
【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom.
【正】Class(being)over, the students left their classroom.
下课了,学生都离开了教室。
4.表示伴随情况或补充说明
eg: Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
=Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.
有两百人在事故中丧生,其中许多是儿童。
B.作定语
独立主格结构作定语,其功能相当于一个定语从句。
eg: He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰the student)
=He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.
他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
提示:在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。需要提示的是,不是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。
eg: If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.
如果你仔细检查试卷的话,有些错误是可以避免的。(不要改为独立主格结构)
(资料部分来源于高考网。)
老师叮咛:李辉老师说,学任何东西先要把一些概念说清楚——名不正则言不顺。做任何一门学
问,要知道这里头的概念说的是什么意思,就是正名的过程。因此,真正明白独立主格结构,至关重要!本文也将通过对独立主格结构的概括来帮助同学学会独立主格结构。下文经过了全网首席高考英语名师李辉老师团队高度认真的整理校对,无错,可信!可供全国各省高中打印、学习、背诵!
一、含义:
“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。它只能依附于句子存在,不能独立存在,在句中有多种作用。如:表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等,在句中通常起状语作用。
二、形式:
独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成:第一部分有名词或代词担任,第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语担任。
名词/代词+非谓语(现在分词,过去分词,动词不定式)
eg: You crying,I smiled.
你哭,我笑。(现在分词)
eg: Good-bye said,he went home.
说再见,他回家了。(过去分词)
eg: So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.
有如此多的人来帮助他,他一定会成功的。(动词不定式)
名词/代词+介词短语
eg: Hand in hand,we went home.
手拉手,我们回家。
名词/代词+形容词
eg: He ugly,I am handsome.
他丑,我英俊。
名词/代词+副词
eg: My mom home,I can't go out and play.
我的妈妈一回家,我就不能出去玩。
按其结构形式分为:—ing 分词独立主格结构;—ed分词独立主格结构;无动词独立主格结构等。
1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.
由于无事可做,他们离开了。(代词+-ing;表原因)
2、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.
老人坐在椅子上,闭着眼睛。(名词+-ed;表状态)
3、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.
王老师走进教室,手里拿着书。(无动词结构;表伴随)
三、独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同:
1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转化成状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换成状语从句后,有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致;而分词短语转化为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语相同。
eg: If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend.
=Time permitting,we’d better have a rest at this weekend.
如果时间允许,本周末我们最好休息一下。
2、 还应该注意,分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致,而是主句的其他成分。语法上称作“依着原则”;有些分词结构在句子上找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作“悬垂分词”。
eg: Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time.
在屋里找表,用了我很长时间。(依着原则)
eg: When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.
(我们)种花时必须小心,不能碰坏花根。(悬垂分词)
四、独立主格结构与独立成分的异同:
1、有的分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上已经成了习惯短语。
这些短语:generally speaking, frankly speaking, judging from, supposing等等。
eg: Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.
总的来说,这个规则很懂。
2、有些固定短语是带to的不定式,表明说话人的立场和态度,在句中作独立成分。
这些短语有:to be honest, to be sure, to tell you the truth, to cut a long story short,
to be frank, to make the matter worse等等。
eg: To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion.
说实话,我在会上说的并不是我的意见。
五、with、without 引导的独立主格结构
介词with / without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构,上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。
1、with+名词代词+形容词
eg: He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.
=He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.
他并不喜欢在窗户关闭的时候睡觉。
注意:在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中,也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。
eg: With his son so disappointing,the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
2、with+名词代词+副词
eg: Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.
=Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on.
所有的灯都打开时,我们的学校看上去更美。
3、with+名词代词+介词短语
eg: He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand
=He stood at the door, computer in hand.
=He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.
他站在门口,手里拿着一部电脑。
4.with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式
eg: With his homework done, Peter went out to play.
=When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.
作业做好了,彼得出去玩了。
5.with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式
eg: The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.
=The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.
有这么多的孩子坐在他周围,那男子感到很高兴。
6.with+名词代词+动词不定式
eg: The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.
=The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.
有这么多的家庭作业要做,小男孩看上去很不开心。
提示:在with / without 的复合结构中,多数情况下with 能省略,但without 不能省略。
eg: Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。(without不能省略)
六、独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外,还能作定语。在形式上,“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾,并通常用逗号与主句隔开。
A.作状语
独立主格结构作状语,其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。
1.表示时间
eg: Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.
=When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.
夜幕降临,我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。
2.表示原因
eg: With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
=As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
有许多难题要解决,新当选的总统日子不好过。
3.表示条件
eg: Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.
=If weather permits,we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.
如果天气允许的话,我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。
提示:表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首,并且不能保留连词。
【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom.
【正】Class(being)over, the students left their classroom.
下课了,学生都离开了教室。
4.表示伴随情况或补充说明
eg: Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
=Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.
有两百人在事故中丧生,其中许多是儿童。
B.作定语
独立主格结构作定语,其功能相当于一个定语从句。
eg: He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰the student)
=He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.
他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
提示:在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。需要提示的是,不是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。
eg: If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.
如果你仔细检查试卷的话,有些错误是可以避免的。(不要改为独立主格结构)
(资料部分来源于高考网。)