Question

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Three categories of organism make up an ecosystem. The producers take energy from the sun and nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil and produce high-energy chemical compounds by the process of photosynthesis. The energy from the sun is stored in the molecular structure of these compounds. Producers are often referred to as being in the first trophic (growth) level and are called autotrophs by the heterotrophs.
The second category of organism in an ecosystem is the consumers, who use the energy stored by photosynthesis by ingesting the high-energy compounds. Consumers in the second trophic level use the energy of the producers directly. There may be several more trophic levels of consumers, each using the level below it as an energy source. A simplified ecosystem showing various trophic levels is illustrated in Figure 3-1, which also shows the progressive use of energy through the trophic levels.
The third category of organism, the decomposers or decay organisms, use the energy in animal wastes and dead animals and plants, thereby converting the organic compounds to stable inorganic compounds. The residual inorganics (e,g., nitrates) are then nutrients for the producers, with the sun as the source of energy.

Answer 1

三种生物种类组成的生态系统。生产者从太阳和土壤里吸收像氮磷等营养物中吸取能量，在光合作用过程中产生高能化合物。来自太阳的能量储存在这些化合物的分子结构里。生产者通常被称为第一营养（增长）级，被异养称为自养。

在生态系统中第二类生物是消费者，就是能使用光合作用所摄入高能量化合物储存的能量。在第二营养级消费者直接使用的生产者产生的能量。可能有几个更多营养级的消费者，每一个都以低营养级的为能量来源。简化生态系统展示各种营养水平是图3-1所示，这也表明通过营养级逐步使用能源的过程。
第三类的有机体，分解或腐烂的有机物，使用的动物粪便和动物尸体及植物为能源，从而把有机化合物转化为稳定的无机化合物。残余得无机物（例如，硝酸盐），然后可以作为生产者的养分，以阳光作为能量来源（进行光和作用）。