Question

急求翻译~几段英语~不要机翻啊……好的会加分

While commercial art includes the separate disciplines of photography, illustration, and design, graphic design encompasses all three—the designer uses photography (by selecting or commissioning photography),creates custom illustrations or diagrams to aide in comprehension of complex messages, and uses formal design elements to construct layouts that merge images with the written word.This synthesis of the various branches of commercial art allows for effective visual solutions that both communicate information and visually intrigue the viewer.

Visual communication combines speech, written language, and imagery into messages that are aesthetically pleasing, connect with the audience on intellectual and emotional levels, and provide them with pertinent information. When properly executed, graphic design identifies, informs, instructs, interprets, and even persuades viewers to do something. It is important that the sender of a message and the receiver speak the same visual language—in this manner, the designer acts as the interpreter and translator of messages. Reducing the amount of information that is visually portrayed creates a more concise and clutter-free design—the goal for all forms of communication.

Types of Signs

Icons
Icons are realistic representations of objects or things in the form of simplified illustrations or photographs that communicate quickly. Websites are notorious for the use of icons such as a basket or shopping cart to represent a site's online store.

Symbols
Symbols are arbitrary signs with no apparent resemblance to the object or thing being represented that require the use of a common or shared language or cultural experience to be deciphered. Letters of the English alphabet rearranged into words and sentences are visual symbols for sounds and language.

Indexes
In a book, the index is where readers can look to quickly find more information about a particular subject. In semiotics, an index references the subject matter or object. For example, a highway sign containing an icon of an airplane represents an airport.

Semiotics
Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols and their impact on communication and language. Signs and symbols help designers convey unique messages through shared experience and meaning and are one of the most effective tools used in communication. Culture, age, gender, and life experience are factors to take into consideration when choosing visual symbols to communicate a message.

The field of semiotics was first introduced in the 1800s by the American philosopher Charles Sanders Pierce as the result of his work in linguistics. His pioneering work led to the categorization of signs into three basic types: icons, symbols, and indexes.
还有一段~

The Meaning of Signs and Symbols Changes Over Time
It is possible for the meaning of symbols to change over time. One of the oldest symbols is the Wheel of Life, otherwise known as the swastika. In Eastern cultures such as India it remains a symbol of life and prosperity and is considered a symbol of good luck. Hitler and the Nazis' misappropriation of the symbol to include acts of evil and hatred has forever altered Westerners' interpretation of its meaning. Because a red cross was used to identify soldiers of the Holy Crusades, the International Red Cross organization is unable to use the symbol in Muslim-dominated or Middle Eastern countries; a red crescent is used instead.

Answer 1

虽然商业艺术，包括摄影，插图的独立学科，设计，平面设计，涵盖所有三个设计师利用摄影（选择或委托摄影），造成了复杂的信息理解习惯插图或图表的助手，并用正式的设计元素构造布局，合并的商业艺术各部门的书面word.This合成的图像，以便提供有效的视觉解决方案，既传递信息和视觉阴谋观众。

视觉传达讲话结合起来，书面语言，并到邮件是美观的图像，连接了观众的智力和情感的水平，并提供相关资料。当正确执行，平面设计标识，通知，指示，解释，说服观众，甚至做一些事情。这是很重要的一条消息的发送者和接收者发言这种方式相同的视觉语言，设计师充当翻译和信息翻译。减少视觉信息的描述数额创建一个更简洁，易用，设计了各种形式的通信的目标。

类型标志

图标
图标是现实的陈述中的简化形式的插图或照片的对象或事物迅速沟通。网站比如臭名昭著的一篮子或购物车代表网站的在线商店使用的图标。

符号
符号是任意的，没有明显的相似，对象或所代表的事情，需要一个共同的或共同的语言或文化的经验，要破译的迹象。进入单词和句子重新排列英文字母的声音和语言的视觉符号。

索引
在一本书，该指数是，读者可以看到快速找到特定主题更多的信息。在符号学，索引引用主题或对象。例如，公路标志，其中载有一架飞机图标代表一个机场。

符号学
符号学是标志和符号和语言上的沟通和影响的研究。标志和符号帮助设计人员转达通过交流经验和独特的含义是信息和通信使用的最有效的工具之一。
在符号学领域首次提出由美国哲学家查尔斯桑德斯皮尔斯作为他在语言学工作结果在19世纪。他的开创性工作领导分为三个基本类型：图标，符号和指标的分类标志
随着时间的推移意义符号和符号的变化
这是可能的符号意义随着时间而改变。最古老的标志之一，是生命轮，也就是纳粹众所周知的。在东方文化如印度仍是生命和繁荣的象征，被认为是好运气的象征。希特勒和纳粹的标志，包括挪用行为的邪恶和仇恨已经永远改变了西方人对意义的解释。由于红十字会被用来确定圣十字军战士，国际红十字组织，是无法使用的符号，在穆斯林占多数或中东国家，是红新月会来代替。

Answer 2

迹象和符号的意思超时改变
对于符号的意思来说，超时改变是可能的。 最老的符号之一是
生活的轮回，否则作为万字形知道。 在象印度那样的东方文化它
保持一个生活和繁荣的象征并且被认为为一个好运气的象征。 希特勒和
纳粹分子的包括邪恶的行为的符号的私吞和憎恨永远
改变西方人的它的意思的解释。 因为一个红十字会用来鉴定
士兵的这神圣十字军，这国际红十字会组织不能使用
在穆斯林统治或者中东的国家里的符号； 红新月被改为使用。

这个是你补充旳那段额~、