Question

英语语法问题

老师问几个问题
But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells,that can jump our trains of thought onto new,innovative tracks.这个句子前面几个符号都理解，that can jump our trains of thought onto new,innovative tracks.这个句子不是一个整句子吗为什么要加逗号。

I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities— those of love and of reason—are the aims of all social arrangements.这个句子的两处定语从句in which感觉加不加感觉上in和翻译上都说得通啊。不太理解
比如这个句子the classroom in which we study is very big.这个句子可改为we study in the classroom
那么同样maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves in the industrialism 和maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves 前者感觉有点多余啊。

Answer 1

But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells,that can jump our trains of thought onto new,innovative tracks.这个句子前面几个符号是为了意群停顿
，that can jump our trains of thought onto new,innovative tracks.这是分隔式限制性定语从句修饰的是 new habits中间插入了宾语从句中的主句。

I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities— those of love and of reason—are the aims of all social arrangements.这个句子的两处定语从句in which，前者作定从中的表语
后者作定从中的状语
不加in翻译上说不通。
比如这个句子the classroom in which we study is very big.这个句子可改为we study in the classroom
定从意思应该是maximal production and consumption are in the industrialism 。
ends in themselves 中themselves指的是maximal production and consumption与the industrialism是两回事

追问

我表述上有问题that can jump our trains of thought onto new,innovative tracks.我意思这个从句在new和tracks之间为什么有逗号。
maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves 这个句子假如不考虑in which可以翻译为“最大限度生产和消费为其目的产业制度”也通顺

追答

new和innovative之间的逗号相当于and。因为这两个词是同义词所以用逗号

纠正一下我的看法。 两个in which 都是定从中的状语
本句为含有两个定语从句的主从复合句。主句的谓语动词
suggest可接动名词作宾语。而宾语中的
transform是"transform sth. from ... into..."结构，译为"把„。。从„。。转变为„。。"。
句中两个in which分别修饰其先行词industrialism,
翻译时宜采用前置法。两个破折号之间的those of love and of reason
为potentialities一词的同位语。
译文
我建议把我们的社会制度从以最大限度的生产和最大限度的消费为目的的官僚主
义管理下的产业体制转变为一个充分发挥人的潜能--即爱和理智的潜能--为其全部社会工
作之目的的人道主义产业体制。
in which是定从中状语
如果用which，其代词身份无法在本句定从中存身

Answer 2

第一个that前的，指new brain cells, that从句是解释它的。
第二个问题，就拿你举的例子来说吧，一个主谓宾句子和一个解释名词的定语从句能一样吗，一个是句子，一个是名词，在整个句子中的用途不同，这里只能用名词。
第三个可能是作者刻意而为，我就不知道了

Answer 3

第一，加逗号只是把两个形容词分开，并不是把句子断开。第二，它是为了作出定语从句，不是多余