英文药品说明书的写法2
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第五节 禁忌症
本项中最常用的英语表示法是Contraindications,也有用Restrictions on Use(用药限制)的。
一、本项中涉及到禁用(或慎用)某些药物的患者或某种特殊情况,例如:
1、孕妇、妊娠期或哺乳期,幼童等:
pregnant woman 孕妇
lactation 哺乳期
in pregnancy 妊娠期
children under …years of age …岁以下儿童
the first trimester (3 months) of pregnancy 妊娠期的最初三个月
2、患有某些疾病或过敏的患者,如:
allergic (hypersensitive) to… 对…过敏的
allergic (anaphylactic) reaction 过敏反应
allegy (hypersensitivity) to… 对…过敏
patients with… (who…) 患有…的患者
二、本项中常出现一些疾病名称,例如:
cardiac failure 心力衰竭
hypertension 高血压
cardiac (renal) insufficiency 心(肾)功能不全
severe hypotension 严重低血压
impairment of kidney (renal function) 肾功能损伤
diabetes 糖尿病
liver (hepatic) damage 肝损伤
severe anemia 严重贫血
三、常见句型
1) 省略句型,只列出禁忌对象或疾病名称等。
例1. Pregnacy, allergy to methotrexate, functional disorders of liver and kidneys, diseases of the haematopoietic system (bone marrow hypoplasia, leucopenia, thrombocy - to penia, anaemia), intectious diseases, ulcers of the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract, recent operation wounds.
孕期,对氨甲叶酸过敏,肝、肾功能障碍,血液系统疾病(骨髓机能减退、白细胞及血小板减少、贫血),传染病,口腔及胃溃疡,近期术后伤口等忌用。
例2. Hypersensitivity to quinoiones, severerenal insufficiency.
对喹喏酮类过敏,严重肾功能不全。
2) 完整的句子或段落。其中常用的结构有:
contraindications are… 禁忌症是…
be contraindicated in (for) … 对…禁忌
should not be used (employed) in … 不得用于…
It is advisable to avoid the use of … 建议不用于…
must not be administered (given) to… 对…不得用药
should be used with caution 慎用
be not recommended for… 不用于…
none reported 未见报道
not known 不清楚
还可能有一些其他的结构。
例3. Cetazolin sodium is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to cephalosporin group of antibiotics.
先锋5号禁用于已知对头孢菌素类抗生素过敏的患者。
例4. It is advisable to avoid the use of Aramine with cyclo-propane or halothane anesthesia, unless clinical circumstances demand such use.
如果不是临床需要,建议本品不要与环丙烷或氟溴氯乙烷麻醉剂合用。
例5. Do not take Benemid if prior administration resulted in hypersensitivity Benemid is not recommended for persons with known disorders of the blood or uric acid kidney stones. Do not give Benemid to children under two years of age.
若以前使用丙磺舒曾引起过敏反应,则应禁用。已知有血液疾患及尿酸性肾结石的患者建议不要使用本品,二岁以下儿童不得服用。
例6. Phenothiazine compounds should not be used in patients receiving large doses of hypnotics, and should be used, with caution in patients with a history of convulssive disorders, since grand mal convulsions have been known to occur.
接受大剂量安眠药的患者不应使用吩噻嗪化合物,对有惊厥病史的患者应慎用,因为已知有发生过癫痫大发作。
例7. Ursosan should not be given to patients suffering from fulminant hepatitis and bile duct obstruction.
暴发性肝炎及胆管阻塞患者禁用熊去氧胆酸。
例8. This product is contraindicated in those patients who have shown hypersensitivity to it unless, in the opinion of the physician, the condition requiring treatment is life threatening and amenable only to amphotencin B therapy.
除非根据医生的意见,认为需要治疗的患者的病情危及生命,并且只有两性霉素治疗才可能使其有所改善之外,对本品过敏的患者禁用本品。
例9. Children under 5 years of age should not be treated with Antistine.
5岁以下儿童禁用敌胺。
例10. The use of Alexan in nursing mothers is not recommended.
哺乳期妇女不用爱力生。
例11. Pregnancy: Coumadin is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnat because the drug basses through the placental barrier and may cause fatal hemorrhage to the felus in utero.
妊娠期禁用:香豆定禁用于孕妇,或可能已怀孕的妇女,因为本品可能穿过胎盘屏障,引起子宫内胚胎致命的出血。
四、在 Restrictions on use 的项目中有时还有小标题
Contraindications 禁忌症
Precautions (Note) 注意事项
Warning 警告
Pregnancy and Lactation 妊娠与哺乳
第六节 用量与用法
本项最常用的英语表示法有:
Dosage and Administration 用(剂)量与用法
Route of Administration 给药途径(用法)
Administration 用法
Direction for Use 用法
Method of (for) Administration 用法
Application and Dosage 用法与用(剂)量
Mode of Application 用法
Dosage 用(剂)量
How to Use 用法
Posology 剂量学
还可能有其他的表示方法。
本项也是阅读的重点,读者必须正确理解本项内容中的给药对象、给药方式、剂量及剂量单位、给药时间等。
1、常用表示剂量的术语
average dose 平均剂量 minimal (minimum) dose 最小有效量
daily dose 日剂量(一日量) multiple dose 多剂量
divided dose 分次剂量 overdose (overdose) 过量
fatal (lethal) dose 致死量 single dose 一次剂量
indicated dose 有效蛴量 standard dose 标准(合适)剂量
initial (beginning, starting) dose 首次量 suggested (recommended) dose 推荐剂量
maintenance dose 维持量 therapeutic dose 治疗剂量
maximum dose 剂量(极量) usual (normal) dose 常用剂量
2、常用的剂量单位表示法
g=gram 克 l=liter (litre) 升
mg=milligram 毫克 ml=milliliter 毫升
kg=kilogram 千克 c.c. 毫升
mcg=microgram 微克 I.U.=international unit 国际单位
ug 微克 body weight 体重
per square meter of body surface 每平方米体表面积
3、每次给药次数的表示方法
daily (per day, a day, every day ) 每日
every …hours 每隔…小时
intervats of … 每隔…
once (twice) daily (a day) 每日一(二)次
every other day 每隔一日
three times a day (daily) 每日三次
three times a week 每周三次
once (twice) a week (weekly) 每周一(二)次
Divided into … doses 分…次
in two or three divided doses 分为二或三次(个剂量)
例1 Unless other wise prescribed by the physician, the average daily dose is 1 capsule 3 times daily.
如果医生不另开处方,平均日剂量为每日3次、每次1个胶襄。
例2 The suggested dose is 10 to 15 mg per kg dody weight daily in 3-4 divided doses orally, taken with meets.
日剂量每公斤体重10-15mg,分3-4次口服,与食物共服。
例3 The initial dosage recommended is 1/2 tablet of Madopa 250 three times daily.
开始剂量为每日3次,每次半片美多巴250。
例4 Children: The usual dose is 50 to 100 mg/kg/day total, given in four equally divided and spaced doses.
儿童:常用总剂量为每日50-100mg/kg体重,均分为四等份,等间隔给药。
例5 The recommended starting dose is 20mg given as a single daily dose.
推荐的首剂量为每20mg,一次服用。
4、给药对象:最常见的用词有
adolescents 青少年 intant(s) 幼儿
adult(s) 成年人 male 男性
baby (babies) 婴儿 newborn baby (babies) 新生儿
children (child) 儿童 patient(s) 患者,病人
debilitated patients 体弱患者 pediatric 儿科的
elderly patient(s) 老年患者 pregnant women 孕妇
female 女性 senile patient(s) 老年患者(病人)
5、给药方式的表示法:多用副词成或介词短语表示,例如:
intra-arterially 静脉内给药 by mouth (OS) 口服
intragluteally 臀肌内给药 by phleboclysis 静脉输液
intramuscularly 肌内给药 by intramuscular (IM) injection 肌肉注射
intraperitoneally 腹(膜)腔内给药 by intravenous (IV) injection 静脉注射
intrapleurally 胸(膜)腔内给药 by the intra-articatar administration 关节内给药
intrathecally 鞘内给药 by the intramuscular administration (route) 肌内给药
intravenously 静脉内给药 by the intranasal route 鼻内给药
locally 局部给药 orally 口服给药
parenterally 肠道外给药 by the intraperitoneal administration 腹(膜)腔内给药
subconjuntivally 结膜下给药 by the intravenous infusion (perfusion) 静脉输注
subcutaneously 皮下给药 sublingually 舌下给药
submucously 粘膜下给药 by the intrathecal administration 鞘内给药
by aerosol 喷雾给药 by the subligual administration 舌下给药
by drip phleboclysis 点滴静脉输液 per rectum 直肠给药
by enema 灌肠 per vaginum 阴道给药
by lumbar 腰椎给药 pro recto 直肠给药
此外还有许多其他的表示法,不一一列举。
6、表示“投药”的常用动词
administer (或be administered、give、be given、indicate、be indicated) 给药、投药
use (或be used 、employ、be employed) 用药
recommend (be recommended、suggest、be suggested) 推荐给药
7、表示不同的用药方式的动词:
take 服用 inhale 吸入 apply to 用于、涂于、敷于
spray 喷雾 inject 注射 swallow 吞服
例6 …the recommended single dose is 1 ampoule, given subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously.
建议一次剂量为1安瓶,皮下、肌肉或静脉注射给药。
例7 I.M injections should be administered in the amount of 25-50mg daily per kilo of body weight, subdivided into injections every 6-8-12 hours.
肌肉注射:每日每公斤体重给药25-50mg,每6-8-12小时一次。
例8 For adults give intramuscular injection of 400 to 600 mg per day in 2-3 divided doses. For intants give intramuscular injection of 10-20mg/kg per day in two divided doses.
成年人:肌肉注射,每日400-600mg,分2-3次注射;婴儿:肌肉注射,每日10-20mg/kg体重,分2次注射。
例9 The tablets (or the syrup) are to be taken during or after a meal with a little liquid.
片剂(或糖浆)应于食间或饭后用少量液体送服。
例10 Apply the Nitro-Dur system firmly to the skin surface. The Nitro-Dur system may be applied to any convenient skin area, a recommended side of application is the arm or chest.
把护心贴片紧贴在皮肤表面,护心贴片可贴在任何方便的皮肤区域,是贴在手臂或胸部。
例11 In general 1 to 3 metered doses should should be inhaled or sprayed onto or under the tongue at the every oneset of anginal pain.
一般应在心绞痛开始发作时就吸入,或向舌上或舌下喷入1-3个规定的剂量。
8、其它的短语或句型,例如:
according to 根据 be adjusted 调整 depend on 依据 adapt to 适合,修改
on the basis of 在…基础上 vary from…to… 变化范围由…至…,因…而异
range from … to … 变化范围由…至…
it is advisable to (it is recommended to、it is suggested to ) 建议…
例子很多,不一一列举。
例12 Dosage should be adapted to patients individually, on the basis of periodic tests of glycosuria and blood sugar.
在周期性检验尿糖和血糖的基础上,调整剂量,使之适用于不同的患者。
例13 It si advisable to initiate therapy with massive doses: 3x2 tablets daily after meals over 2-4 days.
建议开始治疗时采用大剂量,每日剂量为3x2片,饭后服用,持续2-4日。
例14 In severs chronic cases, treatment is started with daily 1 to 2 ampoules of Bilocid and continused with one ampoule every other day, injected slowly by the intravenous route.
治疗严重的慢性疾病时,治疗从每日1-2支利胆素注射剂开始,继续治疗时每隔一日1安瓶缓慢静脉注射。
例15 The number of injections required may vary from from patient to patient.
所需注射次数因患者而异。
例16 The dosage of Glutril must be adjusted by the doctor according to the individual metabolic state.
格路特利的剂量需由医生根据每个患者的代谢状况调整。
例17 In such instance, it is recommended that the dose be reduced.
在这种情况下,建议减少剂量。
例18 The maintenance dosage is determined by response of the patient.
维持剂量视患者对药物的反应而定。
从上述例句可见,本项中英语的普通词汇较多,只要有一定的英语基础均可读懂,专业词汇多为医学词汇,可从英汉医学词典中查出。
第七节 不良反应
不良反应这一项中包括药物的副作用、症状及体征、毒性作用及耐受力、过敏反应、停药等。现分述如下:
1.“不良反应”的常用的英语表示法有:
Adverse Reaction(s)不良反应 Unwanted(Untoward) Reaction(s)不良反应
2“副作用”的常用的英语表示法有:
Side-effect(s) 副作用 Unwanted(Undesirable) Effects 副作用
Side Reaction(s) 副作用 By-effects 副作用
3.常见的霉副反应的症状及体征的词语很多,但记住下列词语很有必要:
allergic (hypersensitive,anaphylactic)reaction(s) 过敏反应
allergy(hypersensitivity) 过敏 dizzziness 眩晕
gastrointestinal tract 胃肠道 fever 发热
local reaction(s) 局部反应 flush 潮红
skin reaction(s)皮肤反应 headache 头痛
symptom(s)症状 nausea 恶心
systematic 全身的 pruritus 瘙痒
anorexia 厌食 rash 皮疹
blood count 白细胞计数 spasm 痉挛
blood pressure 血压 thirst 口渴
coma 昏迷 tiredness 疲倦
diarrhea 腹泻 vomiting 呕吐
4.“霉性”、“耐受性”的英语表示法:
toxicity 毒性
tolerance(tolerability) 耐受力,耐药性
tolerate(toleration) 耐受
5.“停药”的英语表示法举例:
abandon 停药
discontinue(discontinuance,discontinuation) 停药,中断(治疗)
cease(cessation)(stop)停药(停止治疗)
don't use 勿使用(停药)
suspend 停药
terminate 停止,结束
withdraw(be withdrawn,withdrawal)停药
6.其他一些常见的基本词汇及短语:
acute 急性的 control(be controlled)控制
chronic 慢性的 diminish(reduce,reduction)减少
common 常见的 disappear 消失
irreversible 不可逆的 encounter 遇到,见到
mild 轻微的 give rise to 产生
normal 正常的 include 包括
rare(ly)罕见的(地) lead to 导致
reverside 可逆的 manifest 表明,显示
severe 严重的 observe(be observed)(被)观察到
temporary 暂时的 produce 产生
transient 一过性的,短暂的 react to 对……反应
appear(develop,happen,occur)出现(产生)
result from 由……引起 be reported (被)报道
result in 导致 cause (be caused by) (由……)引起
treat(treatment) 治疗
special care(caution)should be exercised 特别小心(注意)
例1 Ciprofloxactin is generally well tolerated. The most frequently reported adverse reactions are: nausea, diarrhaea, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdomina pain, headache, restlessness, rash, dizziness and pruritus.
环丙沙星一般耐受良好。最常报道的副作用有:恶心、腹泻、呕吐、消化不良、腹痛、头痛、不安、皮疹、头晕及瘙痒。
例2 Side-effects are rare with slow-K, as any excess potassium is rapidly excreted in the urine.
施乐凯的副作用根罕见,因为任何过量的钾都迅速由尿排出。
例3 At the recommended dosage side-effects e.g. venous irritatiion or hypersensitivity reactions (cutaneous and mucous reactions) are only observed in isolated cases.
用推荐剂量治疗时,仅见个别的静脉刺激或过敏反应(皮肤及粘膜反应)病例。
例4 When adverse reactions occur, they are usually reversible and disappear when the hormone is discontinued.
当不良反应发生时,它们往往是可逆的,停用激素后副作用即消失。
例5 The most serious side-effect is damage to the bone marrow. Because of this, the white blood cell count should be controlled often enough druing the treatment.
最严重的副作用是骨髓损害,因此在治疗期间,要经常监测白细胞计数。
例6 These unwanted effects usually disappear spontaneously after 7-14 days or following a temporary reduction in the dosage.
这些副作用通常在7-14日之后,或者暂时降低剂量便自行消失。
例7 With high dosage continuous infusion (more than 200mg/m2/day) over 5 to 7 days, the gastrointestinal complications are more pronounced and can on occasion lead to ileus. All side effects are reversible after cessation of therapy.
大剂量连续输注超过 5~7日(超过 200mg/m2/日),胃肠道并发症更为明显,偶尔可导致肠梗阻。停药后副作用皆可逆转。
例 8 In some patients nausea, dizziness,and vomiting may occur in the first days of treatment but the treatment need not be discontinued for that. In rare cases a decrease of blood pressure may appear for which a blood pressure check-up is recommended in out-patients before the treatment is initiated. If side-effects persist, lower doses should be administered.
服用本品的头几天,有些病人可能会出现恶心、头晕和呕吐,但不必停药。偶有血压下降的病例,为此,在治疗开始前建议对门诊患者检测血压。若副作用持续不消失,应减少服用剂量。
例9 Major adverse reactions (much less common than the minor adverse reactions) include inhibition of myelopoiesis, drug fever and hepatitis.
较重的不良反应(远不及轻度不良反应常见)包括抑制骨髓细胞生成,药物热及肝炎。
例10 Side-effects: Loss of appetite and nausea occur in most cases, sometimes with vomiting. These symptoms are usually confined to the first few days of treatment and then tend to disappear.
副作用:多数病例出现食欲减退、恶心,有时呕吐。这些症状通常发生在治疗的最初几天,以后逐渐消失。
本项中最常用的英语表示法是Contraindications,也有用Restrictions on Use(用药限制)的。
一、本项中涉及到禁用(或慎用)某些药物的患者或某种特殊情况,例如:
1、孕妇、妊娠期或哺乳期,幼童等:
pregnant woman 孕妇
lactation 哺乳期
in pregnancy 妊娠期
children under …years of age …岁以下儿童
the first trimester (3 months) of pregnancy 妊娠期的最初三个月
2、患有某些疾病或过敏的患者,如:
allergic (hypersensitive) to… 对…过敏的
allergic (anaphylactic) reaction 过敏反应
allegy (hypersensitivity) to… 对…过敏
patients with… (who…) 患有…的患者
二、本项中常出现一些疾病名称,例如:
cardiac failure 心力衰竭
hypertension 高血压
cardiac (renal) insufficiency 心(肾)功能不全
severe hypotension 严重低血压
impairment of kidney (renal function) 肾功能损伤
diabetes 糖尿病
liver (hepatic) damage 肝损伤
severe anemia 严重贫血
三、常见句型
1) 省略句型,只列出禁忌对象或疾病名称等。
例1. Pregnacy, allergy to methotrexate, functional disorders of liver and kidneys, diseases of the haematopoietic system (bone marrow hypoplasia, leucopenia, thrombocy - to penia, anaemia), intectious diseases, ulcers of the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract, recent operation wounds.
孕期,对氨甲叶酸过敏,肝、肾功能障碍,血液系统疾病(骨髓机能减退、白细胞及血小板减少、贫血),传染病,口腔及胃溃疡,近期术后伤口等忌用。
例2. Hypersensitivity to quinoiones, severerenal insufficiency.
对喹喏酮类过敏,严重肾功能不全。
2) 完整的句子或段落。其中常用的结构有:
contraindications are… 禁忌症是…
be contraindicated in (for) … 对…禁忌
should not be used (employed) in … 不得用于…
It is advisable to avoid the use of … 建议不用于…
must not be administered (given) to… 对…不得用药
should be used with caution 慎用
be not recommended for… 不用于…
none reported 未见报道
not known 不清楚
还可能有一些其他的结构。
例3. Cetazolin sodium is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to cephalosporin group of antibiotics.
先锋5号禁用于已知对头孢菌素类抗生素过敏的患者。
例4. It is advisable to avoid the use of Aramine with cyclo-propane or halothane anesthesia, unless clinical circumstances demand such use.
如果不是临床需要,建议本品不要与环丙烷或氟溴氯乙烷麻醉剂合用。
例5. Do not take Benemid if prior administration resulted in hypersensitivity Benemid is not recommended for persons with known disorders of the blood or uric acid kidney stones. Do not give Benemid to children under two years of age.
若以前使用丙磺舒曾引起过敏反应,则应禁用。已知有血液疾患及尿酸性肾结石的患者建议不要使用本品,二岁以下儿童不得服用。
例6. Phenothiazine compounds should not be used in patients receiving large doses of hypnotics, and should be used, with caution in patients with a history of convulssive disorders, since grand mal convulsions have been known to occur.
接受大剂量安眠药的患者不应使用吩噻嗪化合物,对有惊厥病史的患者应慎用,因为已知有发生过癫痫大发作。
例7. Ursosan should not be given to patients suffering from fulminant hepatitis and bile duct obstruction.
暴发性肝炎及胆管阻塞患者禁用熊去氧胆酸。
例8. This product is contraindicated in those patients who have shown hypersensitivity to it unless, in the opinion of the physician, the condition requiring treatment is life threatening and amenable only to amphotencin B therapy.
除非根据医生的意见,认为需要治疗的患者的病情危及生命,并且只有两性霉素治疗才可能使其有所改善之外,对本品过敏的患者禁用本品。
例9. Children under 5 years of age should not be treated with Antistine.
5岁以下儿童禁用敌胺。
例10. The use of Alexan in nursing mothers is not recommended.
哺乳期妇女不用爱力生。
例11. Pregnancy: Coumadin is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnat because the drug basses through the placental barrier and may cause fatal hemorrhage to the felus in utero.
妊娠期禁用:香豆定禁用于孕妇,或可能已怀孕的妇女,因为本品可能穿过胎盘屏障,引起子宫内胚胎致命的出血。
四、在 Restrictions on use 的项目中有时还有小标题
Contraindications 禁忌症
Precautions (Note) 注意事项
Warning 警告
Pregnancy and Lactation 妊娠与哺乳
第六节 用量与用法
本项最常用的英语表示法有:
Dosage and Administration 用(剂)量与用法
Route of Administration 给药途径(用法)
Administration 用法
Direction for Use 用法
Method of (for) Administration 用法
Application and Dosage 用法与用(剂)量
Mode of Application 用法
Dosage 用(剂)量
How to Use 用法
Posology 剂量学
还可能有其他的表示方法。
本项也是阅读的重点,读者必须正确理解本项内容中的给药对象、给药方式、剂量及剂量单位、给药时间等。
1、常用表示剂量的术语
average dose 平均剂量 minimal (minimum) dose 最小有效量
daily dose 日剂量(一日量) multiple dose 多剂量
divided dose 分次剂量 overdose (overdose) 过量
fatal (lethal) dose 致死量 single dose 一次剂量
indicated dose 有效蛴量 standard dose 标准(合适)剂量
initial (beginning, starting) dose 首次量 suggested (recommended) dose 推荐剂量
maintenance dose 维持量 therapeutic dose 治疗剂量
maximum dose 剂量(极量) usual (normal) dose 常用剂量
2、常用的剂量单位表示法
g=gram 克 l=liter (litre) 升
mg=milligram 毫克 ml=milliliter 毫升
kg=kilogram 千克 c.c. 毫升
mcg=microgram 微克 I.U.=international unit 国际单位
ug 微克 body weight 体重
per square meter of body surface 每平方米体表面积
3、每次给药次数的表示方法
daily (per day, a day, every day ) 每日
every …hours 每隔…小时
intervats of … 每隔…
once (twice) daily (a day) 每日一(二)次
every other day 每隔一日
three times a day (daily) 每日三次
three times a week 每周三次
once (twice) a week (weekly) 每周一(二)次
Divided into … doses 分…次
in two or three divided doses 分为二或三次(个剂量)
例1 Unless other wise prescribed by the physician, the average daily dose is 1 capsule 3 times daily.
如果医生不另开处方,平均日剂量为每日3次、每次1个胶襄。
例2 The suggested dose is 10 to 15 mg per kg dody weight daily in 3-4 divided doses orally, taken with meets.
日剂量每公斤体重10-15mg,分3-4次口服,与食物共服。
例3 The initial dosage recommended is 1/2 tablet of Madopa 250 three times daily.
开始剂量为每日3次,每次半片美多巴250。
例4 Children: The usual dose is 50 to 100 mg/kg/day total, given in four equally divided and spaced doses.
儿童:常用总剂量为每日50-100mg/kg体重,均分为四等份,等间隔给药。
例5 The recommended starting dose is 20mg given as a single daily dose.
推荐的首剂量为每20mg,一次服用。
4、给药对象:最常见的用词有
adolescents 青少年 intant(s) 幼儿
adult(s) 成年人 male 男性
baby (babies) 婴儿 newborn baby (babies) 新生儿
children (child) 儿童 patient(s) 患者,病人
debilitated patients 体弱患者 pediatric 儿科的
elderly patient(s) 老年患者 pregnant women 孕妇
female 女性 senile patient(s) 老年患者(病人)
5、给药方式的表示法:多用副词成或介词短语表示,例如:
intra-arterially 静脉内给药 by mouth (OS) 口服
intragluteally 臀肌内给药 by phleboclysis 静脉输液
intramuscularly 肌内给药 by intramuscular (IM) injection 肌肉注射
intraperitoneally 腹(膜)腔内给药 by intravenous (IV) injection 静脉注射
intrapleurally 胸(膜)腔内给药 by the intra-articatar administration 关节内给药
intrathecally 鞘内给药 by the intramuscular administration (route) 肌内给药
intravenously 静脉内给药 by the intranasal route 鼻内给药
locally 局部给药 orally 口服给药
parenterally 肠道外给药 by the intraperitoneal administration 腹(膜)腔内给药
subconjuntivally 结膜下给药 by the intravenous infusion (perfusion) 静脉输注
subcutaneously 皮下给药 sublingually 舌下给药
submucously 粘膜下给药 by the intrathecal administration 鞘内给药
by aerosol 喷雾给药 by the subligual administration 舌下给药
by drip phleboclysis 点滴静脉输液 per rectum 直肠给药
by enema 灌肠 per vaginum 阴道给药
by lumbar 腰椎给药 pro recto 直肠给药
此外还有许多其他的表示法,不一一列举。
6、表示“投药”的常用动词
administer (或be administered、give、be given、indicate、be indicated) 给药、投药
use (或be used 、employ、be employed) 用药
recommend (be recommended、suggest、be suggested) 推荐给药
7、表示不同的用药方式的动词:
take 服用 inhale 吸入 apply to 用于、涂于、敷于
spray 喷雾 inject 注射 swallow 吞服
例6 …the recommended single dose is 1 ampoule, given subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously.
建议一次剂量为1安瓶,皮下、肌肉或静脉注射给药。
例7 I.M injections should be administered in the amount of 25-50mg daily per kilo of body weight, subdivided into injections every 6-8-12 hours.
肌肉注射:每日每公斤体重给药25-50mg,每6-8-12小时一次。
例8 For adults give intramuscular injection of 400 to 600 mg per day in 2-3 divided doses. For intants give intramuscular injection of 10-20mg/kg per day in two divided doses.
成年人:肌肉注射,每日400-600mg,分2-3次注射;婴儿:肌肉注射,每日10-20mg/kg体重,分2次注射。
例9 The tablets (or the syrup) are to be taken during or after a meal with a little liquid.
片剂(或糖浆)应于食间或饭后用少量液体送服。
例10 Apply the Nitro-Dur system firmly to the skin surface. The Nitro-Dur system may be applied to any convenient skin area, a recommended side of application is the arm or chest.
把护心贴片紧贴在皮肤表面,护心贴片可贴在任何方便的皮肤区域,是贴在手臂或胸部。
例11 In general 1 to 3 metered doses should should be inhaled or sprayed onto or under the tongue at the every oneset of anginal pain.
一般应在心绞痛开始发作时就吸入,或向舌上或舌下喷入1-3个规定的剂量。
8、其它的短语或句型,例如:
according to 根据 be adjusted 调整 depend on 依据 adapt to 适合,修改
on the basis of 在…基础上 vary from…to… 变化范围由…至…,因…而异
range from … to … 变化范围由…至…
it is advisable to (it is recommended to、it is suggested to ) 建议…
例子很多,不一一列举。
例12 Dosage should be adapted to patients individually, on the basis of periodic tests of glycosuria and blood sugar.
在周期性检验尿糖和血糖的基础上,调整剂量,使之适用于不同的患者。
例13 It si advisable to initiate therapy with massive doses: 3x2 tablets daily after meals over 2-4 days.
建议开始治疗时采用大剂量,每日剂量为3x2片,饭后服用,持续2-4日。
例14 In severs chronic cases, treatment is started with daily 1 to 2 ampoules of Bilocid and continused with one ampoule every other day, injected slowly by the intravenous route.
治疗严重的慢性疾病时,治疗从每日1-2支利胆素注射剂开始,继续治疗时每隔一日1安瓶缓慢静脉注射。
例15 The number of injections required may vary from from patient to patient.
所需注射次数因患者而异。
例16 The dosage of Glutril must be adjusted by the doctor according to the individual metabolic state.
格路特利的剂量需由医生根据每个患者的代谢状况调整。
例17 In such instance, it is recommended that the dose be reduced.
在这种情况下,建议减少剂量。
例18 The maintenance dosage is determined by response of the patient.
维持剂量视患者对药物的反应而定。
从上述例句可见,本项中英语的普通词汇较多,只要有一定的英语基础均可读懂,专业词汇多为医学词汇,可从英汉医学词典中查出。
第七节 不良反应
不良反应这一项中包括药物的副作用、症状及体征、毒性作用及耐受力、过敏反应、停药等。现分述如下:
1.“不良反应”的常用的英语表示法有:
Adverse Reaction(s)不良反应 Unwanted(Untoward) Reaction(s)不良反应
2“副作用”的常用的英语表示法有:
Side-effect(s) 副作用 Unwanted(Undesirable) Effects 副作用
Side Reaction(s) 副作用 By-effects 副作用
3.常见的霉副反应的症状及体征的词语很多,但记住下列词语很有必要:
allergic (hypersensitive,anaphylactic)reaction(s) 过敏反应
allergy(hypersensitivity) 过敏 dizzziness 眩晕
gastrointestinal tract 胃肠道 fever 发热
local reaction(s) 局部反应 flush 潮红
skin reaction(s)皮肤反应 headache 头痛
symptom(s)症状 nausea 恶心
systematic 全身的 pruritus 瘙痒
anorexia 厌食 rash 皮疹
blood count 白细胞计数 spasm 痉挛
blood pressure 血压 thirst 口渴
coma 昏迷 tiredness 疲倦
diarrhea 腹泻 vomiting 呕吐
4.“霉性”、“耐受性”的英语表示法:
toxicity 毒性
tolerance(tolerability) 耐受力,耐药性
tolerate(toleration) 耐受
5.“停药”的英语表示法举例:
abandon 停药
discontinue(discontinuance,discontinuation) 停药,中断(治疗)
cease(cessation)(stop)停药(停止治疗)
don't use 勿使用(停药)
suspend 停药
terminate 停止,结束
withdraw(be withdrawn,withdrawal)停药
6.其他一些常见的基本词汇及短语:
acute 急性的 control(be controlled)控制
chronic 慢性的 diminish(reduce,reduction)减少
common 常见的 disappear 消失
irreversible 不可逆的 encounter 遇到,见到
mild 轻微的 give rise to 产生
normal 正常的 include 包括
rare(ly)罕见的(地) lead to 导致
reverside 可逆的 manifest 表明,显示
severe 严重的 observe(be observed)(被)观察到
temporary 暂时的 produce 产生
transient 一过性的,短暂的 react to 对……反应
appear(develop,happen,occur)出现(产生)
result from 由……引起 be reported (被)报道
result in 导致 cause (be caused by) (由……)引起
treat(treatment) 治疗
special care(caution)should be exercised 特别小心(注意)
例1 Ciprofloxactin is generally well tolerated. The most frequently reported adverse reactions are: nausea, diarrhaea, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdomina pain, headache, restlessness, rash, dizziness and pruritus.
环丙沙星一般耐受良好。最常报道的副作用有:恶心、腹泻、呕吐、消化不良、腹痛、头痛、不安、皮疹、头晕及瘙痒。
例2 Side-effects are rare with slow-K, as any excess potassium is rapidly excreted in the urine.
施乐凯的副作用根罕见,因为任何过量的钾都迅速由尿排出。
例3 At the recommended dosage side-effects e.g. venous irritatiion or hypersensitivity reactions (cutaneous and mucous reactions) are only observed in isolated cases.
用推荐剂量治疗时,仅见个别的静脉刺激或过敏反应(皮肤及粘膜反应)病例。
例4 When adverse reactions occur, they are usually reversible and disappear when the hormone is discontinued.
当不良反应发生时,它们往往是可逆的,停用激素后副作用即消失。
例5 The most serious side-effect is damage to the bone marrow. Because of this, the white blood cell count should be controlled often enough druing the treatment.
最严重的副作用是骨髓损害,因此在治疗期间,要经常监测白细胞计数。
例6 These unwanted effects usually disappear spontaneously after 7-14 days or following a temporary reduction in the dosage.
这些副作用通常在7-14日之后,或者暂时降低剂量便自行消失。
例7 With high dosage continuous infusion (more than 200mg/m2/day) over 5 to 7 days, the gastrointestinal complications are more pronounced and can on occasion lead to ileus. All side effects are reversible after cessation of therapy.
大剂量连续输注超过 5~7日(超过 200mg/m2/日),胃肠道并发症更为明显,偶尔可导致肠梗阻。停药后副作用皆可逆转。
例 8 In some patients nausea, dizziness,and vomiting may occur in the first days of treatment but the treatment need not be discontinued for that. In rare cases a decrease of blood pressure may appear for which a blood pressure check-up is recommended in out-patients before the treatment is initiated. If side-effects persist, lower doses should be administered.
服用本品的头几天,有些病人可能会出现恶心、头晕和呕吐,但不必停药。偶有血压下降的病例,为此,在治疗开始前建议对门诊患者检测血压。若副作用持续不消失,应减少服用剂量。
例9 Major adverse reactions (much less common than the minor adverse reactions) include inhibition of myelopoiesis, drug fever and hepatitis.
较重的不良反应(远不及轻度不良反应常见)包括抑制骨髓细胞生成,药物热及肝炎。
例10 Side-effects: Loss of appetite and nausea occur in most cases, sometimes with vomiting. These symptoms are usually confined to the first few days of treatment and then tend to disappear.
副作用:多数病例出现食欲减退、恶心,有时呕吐。这些症状通常发生在治疗的最初几天,以后逐渐消失。
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