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美利坚合众国（英语：United States of America），简称美国，旧称花旗国，是由50个州和一个联邦地区组成的联邦立宪制共和国。美国本土位于北美洲中部，东濒大西洋，西滨太平洋，北靠加拿大，南接墨西哥及墨西哥湾；首都华盛顿哥伦比亚特区与除夏威夷州和阿拉斯加州之外的48个州都位于美国本土。阿拉斯加州位于北美大陆西北方，东接加拿大，西隔白令海峡与俄罗斯隔海相望。夏威夷州则是太平洋中部的群岛。此外，美国在加勒比海和太平洋还拥有多处领土和岛屿地区。美国源自于1776年脱离英国统治的北美殖民地，13州的殖民地代表一同发表了《美国独立宣言》，在经历艰苦的独立战争后，于1783年与英国签订了《巴黎条约》，从此受到世界各国的承认。
经过两百多年的发展，美国国土不断拓展，37个州陆续加入联邦旗下。目前有50个州，1个联邦直辖特区，以及若干境外领土。国土面积超过962万平方公里，国土面积位居世界第三或第四名（领土排名争议参见地理一节）。美国人口约3亿人，其数量为世界第三，民族多元，以白人为主，有大量移民人口。美国国旗上的50颗白色星星代表50个州；每当有新州加入联邦时，美国国旗会在次年的独立日（7月4日）时增加一颗星。[2]国旗上红色及白色横条各为7条及6条，总计13条，纪念最初独立的13个州。[3]
建国200多年以来，美国曾经历过南北战争（1861－1865年）和大萧条（1930年代）两次严酷考验，[4]仍坚守自由民主制政治制度，成为宪法民主和公民自由的代表性国家。美国庞大的经济、文化、科技和军事影响力贯穿了整个20世纪。在第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战中，美国和其他同盟国一同获得胜利，并经历数十年的冷战后，终于拖垮苏联，成为现今世界上唯一的超级大国[5]。当今美国在全世界的经济发展、政治实力、科技创新、军事技术力量等众多领域的庞大影响力都是无他国能比拟的。
The United States of America (commonly referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with about 308 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest both by land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries.[7] The U.S. economy is the largest national economy in the world, with an estimated 2008 gross domestic product (GDP) of US $14.4 trillion (a quarter of nominal global GDP and a fifth of global GDP at purchasing power parity).[4][8]
Indigenous peoples, probably of Asian origin, have inhabited what is now the mainland United States for many thousands of years. This Native American population was greatly reduced by disease and warfare after European contact. The United States was founded by thirteen British colonies located along the Atlantic seaboard. On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their right to self-determination and their establishment of a cooperative union. The rebellious states defeated Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War, the first successful colonial war of independence.[9] The Philadelphia Convention adopted the current United States Constitution on September 17, 1787; its ratification the following year made the states part of a single republic with a strong central government. The Bill of Rights, comprising ten constitutional amendments guaranteeing many fundamental civil rights and freedoms, was ratified in 1791.
In the 19th century, the United States acquired land from France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Russia, and annexed the Republic of Texas and the Republic of Hawaii. Disputes between the agrarian South and industrial North over states' rights and the expansion of the institution of slavery provoked the American Civil War of the 1860s. The North's victory prevented a permanent split of the country and led to the end of legal slavery in the United States. By the 1870s, the national economy was the world's largest.[10] The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the country's status as a military power. It emerged from World War II as the first country with nuclear weapons and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union left the United States as the sole superpower. The country accounts for two-fifths of global military spending and is a leading economic, political, and cultural force in the world.
经过两百多年的发展，美国国土不断拓展，37个州陆续加入联邦旗下。目前有50个州，1个联邦直辖特区，以及若干境外领土。国土面积超过962万平方公里，国土面积位居世界第三或第四名（领土排名争议参见地理一节）。美国人口约3亿人，其数量为世界第三，民族多元，以白人为主，有大量移民人口。美国国旗上的50颗白色星星代表50个州；每当有新州加入联邦时，美国国旗会在次年的独立日（7月4日）时增加一颗星。[2]国旗上红色及白色横条各为7条及6条，总计13条，纪念最初独立的13个州。[3]
建国200多年以来，美国曾经历过南北战争（1861－1865年）和大萧条（1930年代）两次严酷考验，[4]仍坚守自由民主制政治制度，成为宪法民主和公民自由的代表性国家。美国庞大的经济、文化、科技和军事影响力贯穿了整个20世纪。在第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战中，美国和其他同盟国一同获得胜利，并经历数十年的冷战后，终于拖垮苏联，成为现今世界上唯一的超级大国[5]。当今美国在全世界的经济发展、政治实力、科技创新、军事技术力量等众多领域的庞大影响力都是无他国能比拟的。
The United States of America (commonly referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with about 308 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest both by land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries.[7] The U.S. economy is the largest national economy in the world, with an estimated 2008 gross domestic product (GDP) of US $14.4 trillion (a quarter of nominal global GDP and a fifth of global GDP at purchasing power parity).[4][8]
Indigenous peoples, probably of Asian origin, have inhabited what is now the mainland United States for many thousands of years. This Native American population was greatly reduced by disease and warfare after European contact. The United States was founded by thirteen British colonies located along the Atlantic seaboard. On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their right to self-determination and their establishment of a cooperative union. The rebellious states defeated Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War, the first successful colonial war of independence.[9] The Philadelphia Convention adopted the current United States Constitution on September 17, 1787; its ratification the following year made the states part of a single republic with a strong central government. The Bill of Rights, comprising ten constitutional amendments guaranteeing many fundamental civil rights and freedoms, was ratified in 1791.
In the 19th century, the United States acquired land from France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Russia, and annexed the Republic of Texas and the Republic of Hawaii. Disputes between the agrarian South and industrial North over states' rights and the expansion of the institution of slavery provoked the American Civil War of the 1860s. The North's victory prevented a permanent split of the country and led to the end of legal slavery in the United States. By the 1870s, the national economy was the world's largest.[10] The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the country's status as a military power. It emerged from World War II as the first country with nuclear weapons and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union left the United States as the sole superpower. The country accounts for two-fifths of global military spending and is a leading economic, political, and cultural force in the world.
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