Question

法律英语翻译（英译汉）Trade Law, Labor and Global Inequality

I. The Scope of Trade Law

Trade law sets the legal framework for cross-border commercial transactions. Trade law
takes shape in global, regional and subregional arrangements among governments. At the
same time, all countries maintain domestic laws on trade, and much of trade law’s
application involves reconciling conflicting supranational rules and domestic statutes.

Domestically, the United States has an extensive system of law governing international
trade. First and most simply, U.S. laws set tariffs on imports into the United States. Many
people are not aware that the infamous and high Smoot-Hawley tariffs of the 1930s are
still on the books. They are superseded by application of the WTO’s most-favored-nation
(MFN) rule, which requires that WTO members must extend to all trading partners the
tariff levels granted to their single “most-favored” partner. This is why MFN status for
China was such a contentious issue through much of the 1990s, when China was not a
WTO member and Congress had to act annually to grant MFN status to China. If MFN
were not granted, tariffs on imports from China would snap to Smoot-Hawley levels,
making Chinese products prohibitively expensive.

Congress finally granted permanent MFN status to China to avoid the annual dust-up,
though in the process proponents changed the nomenclature from “most-favored-nation”
to “normal trade relations” (NTR) to avoid giving the impression that China was getting
some kind of favorable treatment. NTR has now become the term of art in U.S. trade
discourse for the MFN principle, and is catching on in the rest of the world.

In 2002 Congress granted trade negotiating authority to President Bush under what used
to be called “fast track” terms, by which the executive negotiates a complete trade
agreement with a trading partner or group of partners, and Congress quickly votes yes or
no, without amendments, on the final deal. Fast-track authority had earlier been denied to
President Clinton largely over concerns that labor standards and environmental protection
were inadequately addressed in the legislation.

Answer 1

贸易法，劳工与全球不平等

贸易法的范畴

贸易法是为跨边境金融交易所设定的法律框架。贸易法在对全球，地区，次区域的安排上，被各界政府所用。同时，所有国家保有本国对贸易的法规。常常国际条例与本土情况冲突的时候，就业贸易法解决。

在美国国内，有一套覆盖面很全的法律系统用于管理它的国际贸易。最简单来说，美国法律要求对进口物品加关税。很多人都不知道1930那臭名昭著的斯姆特-霍利关税法任然有效。在WTO它被另一项法规–MFN（最优国待遇）取代了。WTO要求所有成员国之间都给予相同的关税。以前美国国会必须年年发MFN给中国。这就是为什么在九十年代对于给中国一个‘MFN’的身份会被广泛讨论。如果不是有MFN，那么对中国的关税就会依照斯姆特-霍利关税，而其结果就是中国的物品变得非常贵。

国会最后决定直接给中国各长期的MFN以省去每年的麻烦。但为了不给人留下为中国搞特殊待遇的印象，国会专门为中国颁发了一个特别的叫做NTR（正常贸易关系）的身份，【其实从实际作用上来说NTR=MFN】。美国国会发明的这个新词绕过了MFN的很多硬规定，【典型的挂羊头，买狗肉，妙就妙在绕过了WTO的那些一板一眼的烦人】相当好用，被国际社会广泛借鉴。

在2002年，国会授予布什以‘快轨程序’（就是当行政当局谈了生意回来，国会直接就投票通过或不过的权利。且国会的决定是最终的，绝无修改）。 以前国会拒绝给克林顿这个权利，主要是考虑到立法中没有足够重视劳工与环境保护。

差不多这样的。。。

Answer 2

i. 贸易法的范围

Trade法律设置跨越边界交易的法律体系。 贸易法
在政府之中的全球性，地方和分区安排有成效。 在
same时间，所有国家维护在贸易的国内法和贸易law’s
application介入和解矛盾的超国家的规则和国内法规。

Domestically，美国有法律治理的国际性组织一个广泛的系统
trade. 首先和完全，美国法律设置了的进口关税进入美国。 许多
people不知道20世纪30年代的臭名昭著和高Smoot-Hawley关税是在书的still。 他们由WTO’s最惠国的应用代替 (MFN)规则，要求WTO成员必须延伸到所有的贸易对象
tariff水平被授予他们的唯一“most-favored”成为伙伴。 这就是为什么的MFN状态当中国不是a， China是这样一个引起争论的问题通过许多20世纪90年代
WTO成员和国会必须年年行动授予MFN状态中国。 如果MFN没被授予的were的进口关税从中国将攫取对Smoot-Hawley水平，高费用making中国的产品。

Congress最后授予永久MFN状态中国避免每年吵闹，在过程拥护者的though从“most-favored-nation” 改变了命名原则避免的to “normal商业relations” (NTR)给中国得到的印象some种类有利治疗。 NTR现在成为了艺术的期限在美国贸易的MFN原则的discourse，和在世界其他地方风行。
对布什总统的In 2002年国会被授予的贸易谈判的当局在什么之下使用了
to称“fast track”期限，执行委员谈判一完全商业与贸易对象或小组的agreement伙伴和国会迅速投赞成票或
no，没有校正，在最后的成交。 良好的跑道当局及早被否认了在关心的President大克林顿劳工标准和环境保护在立法不充分地演讲的were。