Question

做定语从句的技巧，

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Answer 1

“代入原则”就是试着把先行词即被定语从句修饰限制的那个词放进从句中，能直接代入的就用关系代词（不包括whose），不能直接代入的可能有三种情况，要么用关系副词，要么用介词加关系代词which或whom，要么就用关系代词whose。下面就用例句来具体说明这种解题技巧。
一．直接代入的情况：
1． Women____ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those____ don’t. [北京，2006]
A. who; / B. /; who C. who; who D. /; /
该题中的先行词women和those都可直接代入各自的从句中，都在从句中做主语，根据关系代词的使用规律，我们应该用who或that，而且不能省略，所以答案是C。
2． Do you still remember the chicken farm___ we visited three months ago?
A. where B. when C. that D. what [北京，2005]
该题的先行词the chicken farm就是visited的宾语，只能用关系代词that, which或省略关系代词，所以答案是C。
3． The United States is made up of fifty states, one of___ is separated from the others by the Pacific Ocean. [上海，2005]
A. them B. those C. which D. whose
通过分析可以看出，fifty states 是one of中of的宾语，能直接放在介词后充当宾语，用来表示物的关系代词只有which，同时直接做介词宾语的关系代词which, whom不能省略。所以答案是C。
4． Is this the reason_____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A． he explained B. what he explained
C. how he explained D. why he explained [上海，2002]
从句中动词explained是及物动词，其宾语是the reason，所以只能用关系代词that或which，根据关系代词做宾语可以省略的原则，该题的答案是A。
5． Jim passed the driving test, ____surprised everybody in the office.[浙江，2005]
A. which B. that C. this D. it
该题中后句缺少主语，通过意义分析该主语正是主句整句话的内容，所以答案是A。因为that既不能引导非限制性定语从句，也不能代替主句整句话的内容。该题给我们的提示是：在确定该用关系代词时，我们必须考虑相关关系代词的区别，除了刚提到的这一点的外，还包括以下内容：在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词只能用which, who, whom，且做宾语是不能省略的；在限制性定语从句中，指物时如果先行词被形容词最高级，序数词或all, any, every, no, much, little等词修饰限制时，或先行词就是上述这些词时，关系代词只能用that；在限制性定语从句中，先行词是有表示人和表示物的词组充当时，关系代词只能用that。
6． ____is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What [全国，2001]
通过意义分析可以看出，前一句所缺的主语就是后句整个句子所表达的内容，这是一种特殊的定语从句，as可以引导非限制性定语从句，代替主句整句话的内容，该从句可以放在主句之前，插入到主句之间，也可放在主句之后。而which引导的这类从句却只能放在主句之后，除此之外，这两个关系代词还有意义上的区别，as的意义是“正如、正像”，而which的意义是“这、这一点”。例如：
6a. She passed the exam, as/ which we had expected.
6b. She passed the exam, which we hadn’t expected.
同时我们还必须注意，as也可以引导限制性定语从句。当先行词被such, as, the same修饰限制时，我们通常用关系代词as来引导该从句。例如：
7． On the subject of reading, Francis Bacon, who lived at about the same time as Shakespeare, wrote these words:… [SEB3U8]
8． They felt such heat in the jungle as they had never felt before. [张道真，《实用英语语法》，P532，外语教学与研究出版社，2005，8]
9． Some people have no doubt that their cat understands as many words as does a dog.[章振邦，《新编英语语法》，P1332，上海译文出版社，1989，9]
二． 不能直接代入的情况：
在不能直接代入时，我们可以试着根据从句与先行词的关系给先行词补加一些成分或改变先行词的形式后，将补加后的词组或改变后的形式放进从句中，并据此确定正确的引导方式。该引导方式主要包括三种形式：关系副词where, when, why；介词加关系代词which, whom; 关系代词whose.
（一）使用关系副词：
1． A fast food restaurant is the place ____, just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly.
A. which B. where C. there D. what [上海，2004]
该句中的先行词the place显然是不能直接代入从句中的，但根据句意补全从句的话，从句的完整形式应该是eating is performed quickly in the place，由此便可看出从句缺少的是地点状语，所以应该用where或in which，答案是B。
2． We are living in an age____ many things are done on computer [北京，2003]
A. which B. that C. whose D. when
该题与上题的解题思路是一样的，从句缺少的是in the age这样的时间状语，所以我们要么用when，要么用in which。答案是D。
3． At the meeting, he explained the reason ____he was absent last Monday.
A. which B. that C. why D. in which
在高考中，关系副词where, when是多次被考过的内容，但why却很少见，这应该引起我们的注意，当我们看到先行词为the reason时，我们同样要关注它在从句中的作用，如笔者在第一部分所列的上海2002年的那道高考题，先行词reason可以直接代入从句中，所以用关系代词，而该句中的the reason却无法直接代入，从句中明显缺少原因状语，所以我们应该用why或for which。因此答案是C。
上述三个例子中的先行词都是明确表示地点、时间、原因的词，很容易使人联想到关系副词where, when, why。但有些时候先行词不是明确表示地点、时间的词，我们仍然要用到where和when，这就要求我们根据句意做出合理的判断，如：
4． If a shop has chairs____ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. [上海，2005]
A. that B. which C. when D. where
5． There were dirty marks on her trousers____ she had wiped her hands.
A. where B. which C. when D. that [全国，2004]
6． I can think of many cases___ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay. [上海，2003]
A. why B. which C. as D. where
上述三个例子中的先行词都不是明确表示地点的名词，但都在从句中充当地点状语，所以答案分别是D，A，D。
7． In a sports team each player has a clear role, and there are few occasions when members are confused or uncertain of their roles.[SEB3U11]
上句中的先行词occasions通常被翻译成“。。。的情况”，不是一个明确表达时间的名词，但用英语解释的话，一切都一目了然了，其意思是“a time when something happens”，因此应该使用关系副词when。

（二）使用介词+which/whom
当先行词不能直接代入定语从句时，选项中没有关系副词或不能使用关系副词时，我们就要考虑是否可以使用介词+which/whom。这时介词的选用就非常重要了。那么如何确定介词呢？一般有三种方法：
8． American women usually identify their best friend as someone___ they can talk frequently. [上海，2004]
A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom
9． I saw a women running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction___ she had come. [重庆，2006]
A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which
上述两题都牵扯到介词+which/whom的用法，用什么介词主要取决于定语从句中的动词。与某人交谈是talk to/with sb.。从某处来是come from。所以答案分别是D，D。
10． Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered scenes____ people were eaten by the tiger. [广东，2005]
A. in which B. by which C. which D. that
11． Do you still remember the day____ you joined our club.
A. in which B. on which C. which D. that
上述两题的介词选用主要取决于先行词与介词连用的规律，与scene连用的通常是in，而特指某一天通常用on，所以答案分别是A，B。
12． I have many friends, _____ some are businessmen.[全国，2005]
A. of them B. from which C. who of D. of whom
13． There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, ___five are mine.
A. on which B. in which C. of which D. from which [全国，2004]
14． The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, ____80% are sold abroad.[辽宁，2004]
A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that
15． The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs___ they are being trained. [江西，2005]
A. in that B. for that C. in which D. for which
16． There are two buildings, ____ stands nearly a hundred feet high.
A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which[湖北，2004]
以上题目中介词的选用主要依靠两句内在的逻辑关系，我们把先行词放进从句中便可以得出以下形式：some of my friends; five of the books; 80% of the shoes; be trained for the job; the larger of the two buildings，然后就可以得出正确答案，依次为：D，C，A，D，D。
（三）使用关系代词whose
whose在定语从句中是一个具有形容词性质的关系代词，不能单独使用，必须用来修饰一个名词，构成一个词组共同引导一个定语从句，它可以指人，也可以指物，意义上相当于its和one’s.
17． George Orwell, ____ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays.
A. the real name B. what his real name C. his real name D. whose real name[北京，2004]
18． Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from____ effects the people are still suffering. [天津，2005]
A. that B. whose C. those D. what
19． Look out! Don’t get too close to the house___ roof is under repair.
A. whose B. which C. of which D. that [福建，2006]
上述三题的答案都是whose，但第19题应该引起我们的注意，因为稍微变化一下，将roof变成the roof，我们就不能再使用whose，答案是C，这时便构成了the roof of the house， 引导方式变成了of which the roof或the roof of which。
三． 特殊用法
20．What surprised me was not what he said but____ he said it. [湖北，2004]
A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
该题的考查牵扯到两个方面，一是句子成分的分析，but之后所缺的是一个只能用名词而不能用介词充当的表语，因此应在A和D之间做出选择；二是应该用什么关系词修饰先行词way的问题，如果先行词way在从句中做主语、宾语的话，我们可以用that或which；但如果先行词way在从句中做状语时，我们有三种选择：that, in which或省略关系代词，因此该题的答案是A。
21．In the office I never seem to have time until after 5: 30pm, ____many people have gone home.[NMET1996].
A. whose time B. that C. on which D. by which time
该题中先行词是不能直接代入从句的，因此不能用that；通过上面18，19，20题的分析可以确定A项是不正确的，因为whose表达的是所属关系；由于先行词是5：30pm，如果要用介词的话来表示这一点时间的话，也只能用at而不能用on；从从句的时态上分析，可以看出该句表达的是“到什么时候为止”，应与by连用，答案是D。值得注意的是，which这个关系代词能不能修饰一个名词，如果能，那么它于whose有什么区别？which能修饰一个名词是不容质疑的，它的意思相当于指示代词this, that；而whose表达所属关系，相当于its或one’s。which引导的这类定语从句，有时后面的名词也可以不用，如上述例句我们就可以直接用by which；但有时后面一定要加上一个名词，否则意义就不明确了，例如：
22．We told him to see the doctor, which advice he took.