Question

高手帮帮忙翻译成英文

建筑摆脱了遮风避雨这一最基本的原始功能以后，它就与美学结上了不解之缘。在保证功能需要的前提下，如何把房屋盖得更好看，成为建筑师的主要追求。建筑美学的基本特征就表现在技术与艺术的结合。因此建筑的艺术属性在国际上早已形成公论。在欧洲，“艺术”或“美术”这一概念向来就包括绘画、雕塑、建筑这三大门类。
这个问题不在于建筑中有没有包含审美要素，而是对艺术的追求。我们中国建筑两千多年来只对一种形式和风格进行了追求，并使之达到极致。但我们在这方面所表现出的毅力和所投入的智慧的总量而言，我们是不如西方人的。这可以从以下几点来看：第一，从建筑物所投入的时间和力量来看，我们的大型建筑在古代一般只花几年、十几年，而人家一般须花几十年，甚至几百年！其中有名的如圣·彼得大教堂前后花了121年；巴黎圣母院经历了139年；科隆大教堂甚至断续搞了600余年！最具可比性的是新建的北京西客站和刚刚竣工的柏林火车站，二者都号称本洲之最，但我们仅用了不到三年的时间，而柏林火车站却整整用了11年！我想这一现象显然还包含着艺术意识乃至人文观念的差异问题。第二，从建筑师的地位与影响来看，我们的古代建筑师被载入史册的很少很少，能被老百姓叫出名字来的更少。而欧洲的老百姓，谁不知道米开朗基罗、贝尔尼尼、辛克尔、赖特、格罗皮乌斯……我国自己编写的《中国大百科全书》被单独列为词条的中国建筑师一共只有16名，其中古代的占8名。这8名中，只有1名有生卒年，两名只有生年，而不知他们的卒年。可这两人分别是我国重要建筑理论著作《营造法式》和《木经》的作者！更甚者另5名生卒年都不详！而这5人中多数都是明清时期的，而且都亲自主持建造了明陵和故宫等一系列宏伟建筑。这与同一部辞书收录的中国其他文艺门类的人物词条相比，真是天渊之别！如中国古代文学家在这部辞书中被单独列为词条的约有1050余位；中国古代美术家被单独收入的有300多位。第三，从建筑理论的总结、建设与影响来看，上面说过，人家的建筑理论书籍在诞生的时间上比我们早得多，内容上丰富得多，理论上完备得多，国际上的影响也大得多。我们的古代建筑理论书籍在国外被用于教科书的还没有听说过。第四，从统治者的意向来看，从来都是强调功能而忽视艺术。尤其在古代，有的帝王还提倡过“卑宫菲食”、“茅茨不剪”。统治者也愿意节俭，当然不是坏事，但这种重“善”轻“美”的倾向对于建筑的发展却不是好事。当时的思想家也不例外，例如墨子，他认为建筑只要挡风避雨、隔离男女就行了。孔子教授的“六艺”中就不包括建筑。我国的帝王们为了权力和享受需要宏大的宫殿或豪华的园林，但对建筑本身，几乎没有人表现出过特别的兴趣。三千年前古埃及拉伽什国王亲自顶砖参加奠基；看一下前23世古第亚国王的雕像，他的膝盖上放着一张建筑设计图，说明建筑在他的心目中有着何等的地位！古罗马皇帝奥古斯都曾自豪地说：“我接手的是砖头的罗马，我留下的是大理石的罗马”。大凡西方国家的帝王们，在他们当朝时期，往往要请他认为当代最杰出的建筑师为他留下一座甚至几座建筑纪念碑或艺术陈列馆。相比之下，我们的古代帝王们在这方面就不可同日而语了。统治者的这种倾向势必要影响到他们的子民，无怪乎直到现在我们的建筑师队伍中还有人顽强地否认建筑的艺术属性。第五，从宗教建筑与世俗建筑的比较看，在西方，艺术成就最高的建筑是教堂和庙宇，而在中国，最辉煌的建筑却是皇宫和皇陵。耐人寻味的是，世界上凡是皇家建筑远远超过宗教建筑的国家，后来都衰落了：造了金字塔的埃及，造了泰姬陵的印度以及造了大明宫、故宫的中国。

Answer 1

Building out of shelter, after the original function of this most basic, it knot on the indissoluble bond with the esthetics. In ensuring the functionality required under the premise of how to build houses more attractive to become a major pursuit of the architect. The basic characteristics of architectural aesthetics manifested in a combination of technology and art. There is therefore the art of property in the international public opinion has been formed. In Europe, the "art" or "Art" has always been on the concept of including painting, sculpture, architecture these three categories.
This problem does not lie in the construction, there does not include aesthetic elements, but the pursuit of art. We are 2000 years of Chinese architecture is only one form and style of the pursuit, and to reach the ultimate. But our efforts in this regard demonstrated the wisdom of perseverance and the total amount invested, we are not as good as Westerners. This can be run from the following points: First, from the building time and effort invested, we do a large-scale construction in ancient times in general only take a few years, more than ten years, while others generally have to spend decades, or even hundreds of years! One well-known as Saint Peter's Basilica took 121 years before; Notre Dame de Paris has experienced 139 years; Cologne Cathedral and even engage in more than 600 years of intermittent! The most comparable is the new Beijing West Railway Station and just completed the Berlin train station, both known as the continent's best, but we only had less than three years, while the Berlin train station was full with 11 year! I think this is clearly also contains a sense of arts and humanities as well as the concept of the differences. Secondly, from the architect's status and influence, we go down in history of the ancient architects were very few very few people called out names to be less. The people in Europe who do not know Michelangelo, Bernini, Schinkel, Wright, Gropius ... ... our own preparation of the "Encyclopedia of China" was listed as a separate entry of Chinese Architecture division a total of only 16, which accounted for eight of ancient. This is 8, only one Yousheng Death, the two only Lifetime, but I do not know their Died in. May be that the two are China's major architectural theory book, "to create a French" and "wood by the" author! Worse still, another five years, birth and death are unknown! The majority of which five people were Ming and Qing dynasties, and have personally presided over the construction of the Ming Tombs and the Forbidden City and a series of magnificent buildings. This is included with a Dictionary of Chinese characters in other literary categories of entries compared to is really a world of difference! In this ancient Chinese writers, such as dictionaries were included as a separate entry, about 1050 I-bit; ancient Chinese artists have been more than 300 individual income. Thirdly, a summary of architectural theory, construction and impact, mentioned above, other people's books on architectural theory at the time of the birth much earlier than we are, content, much richer, more complete theory, international impact is far greater. Our ancient books on architectural theory, be used in foreign textbooks have not yet heard of it. Fourth, from the ruler's intention to run, has always stressed the function of the neglect of the arts. Especially in ancient times, some emperors also advocated off "humble palace Philippine food", "Mao Tribulus terrestris is not cut." Rulers are also willing to thrift, of course not a bad thing, but this emphasis on "good" light "beauty" of the tendency for the building development is not a good thing. The thinkers of that time was no exception, for example, Mo Tzu, in his view the construction as long as the wind and rain, segregation of men and women on the list. Professor Kong Zi's "Six Classics" and does not include construction. China's emperors who need ambitious for power and the enjoyment of the palace or deluxe garden, but the building itself, almost no one showed any special interest. Three thousand years ago the ancient Egyptian king of Lagash in person to participate in the top brick foundation; take a look at the ancient world before the first sub-23, the king's statue, and his knee stood an architectural design to illustrate the construction in his mind with what the position of! Ancient Roman Emperor Augustus had said proudly: "I took over the bricks, Rome, I left the marble Rome." Almost all Western countries emperors who, in their dynasty period, often ask him to think of the most distinguished architects and even several buildings he left behind a monument or art galleries. In contrast, our ancient kings were quite different in this respect, the. The rulers of this tendency is bound to affect their subjects, no wonder now that we are the architects team was also stubbornly deny the art of architectural properties. Fifth, from the religious and secular architecture architecture comparison shows that in the West, the artistic achievements of the highest building is the church and temples, while in China, the most glorious building is the Royal Palace and the imperial tombs. Interestingly, the world far more than any royal architect of the national religious buildings were later decline: the making of the pyramids of Egypt, had built the Taj Mahal in India and made the Daming Palace, the Forbidden City of China.

Answer 2

Building out of shelter, after the original function of this most basic, it knot on the indissoluble bond with the esthetics. In ensuring the functionality required under the premise of how to build houses more attractive to become a major pursuit of the architect. The basic characteristics of architectural aesthetics manifested in a combination of technology and art. There is therefore the art of property in the international public opinion has been formed. In Europe, the "art" or "Art" has always been on the concept of including painting, sculpture, architecture these three categories.
This problem does not lie in the construction, there does not include aesthetic elements, but the pursuit of art. We are 2000 years of Chinese architecture is only one form and style of the pursuit, and to reach the ultimate. But our efforts in this regard demonstrated the wisdom of perseverance and the total amount invested, we are not as good as Westerners. This can be run from the following points: First, from the building time and effort invested, we do a large-scale construction in ancient times in general only take a few years, more than ten years, while others generally have to spend decades, or even hundreds of years! One well-known as Saint Peter's Basilica took 121 years before; Notre Dame de Paris has experienced 139 years; Cologne Cathedral and even engage in more than 600 years of intermittent! The most comparable is the new Beijing West Railway Station and just completed the Berlin train station, both known as the continent's best, but we only had less than three years, while the Berlin train station was full with 11 year! I think this is clearly also contains a sense of arts and humanities as well as the concept of the differences. Secondly, from the architect's status and influence, we go down in history of the ancient architects were very few very few people called out names to be less. The people in Europe who do not know Michelangelo, Bernini, Schinkel, Wright, Gropius ... ... our own preparation of the "Encyclopedia of China" was listed as a separate entry of Chinese Architecture division a total of only 16, which accounted for eight of ancient. This is 8, only one Yousheng Death, the two only Lifetime, but I do not know their Died in. May be that the two are China's major architectural theory book, "to create a French" and "wood by the" author! Worse still, another five years, birth and death are unknown! The majority of which five people were Ming and Qing dynasties, and have personally presided over the construction of the Ming Tombs and the Forbidden City and a series of magnificent buildings. This is included with a Dictionary of Chinese characters in other literary categories of entries compared to is really a world of difference! In this ancient Chinese writers, such as dictionaries were included as a separate entry, about 1050 I-bit; ancient Chinese artists have been more than 300 individual income. Thirdly, a summary of architectural theory, construction and impact, mentioned above, other people's books on architectural theory at the time of the birth much earlier than we are, content, much richer, more complete theory, international impact is far greater. Our ancient books on architectural theory, be used in foreign textbooks have not yet heard of it. Fourth, from the ruler's intention to run, has always stressed the function of the neglect of the arts. Especially in ancient times, some emperors also advocated off "humble palace Philippine food", "Mao Tribulus terrestris is not cut." Rulers are also willing to thrift, of course not a bad thing, but this emphasis on "good" light "beauty" of the tendency for the building development is not a good thing. The thinkers of that time was no exception, for example, Mo Tzu, in his view the construction as long as the wind and rain, segregation of men and women on the list. Professor Kong Zi's "Six Classics" and does not include construction. China's emperors who need ambitious for power and the enjoyment of the palace or deluxe garden, but the building itself, almost no one showed any special interest. Three thousand years ago the ancient Egyptian king of Lagash in person to participate in the top brick foundation; take a look at the ancient world before the first sub-23, the king's statue, and his knee stood an architectural design to illustrate the construction in his mind with what the position of! Ancient Roman Emperor Augustus had said proudly: "I took over the bricks, Rome, I left the marble Rome." Almost all Western countries emperors who, in their dynasty period, often ask him to think of the most distinguished architects and even several buildings he left behind a monument or art galleries. In contrast, our ancient kings were quite different in this respect, the. The rulers of this tendency is bound to affect their subjects, no wonder now that we are the architects team was also stubbornly deny the art of architectural properties. Fifth, from the religious and secular architecture architecture comparison shows that in the West, the artistic achievements of the highest building is the church and temples, while in China, the most glorious building is the Royal Palace and the imperial tombs. Interestingly, the world far more than any royal architect of the national religious buildings were later decline: the making of the pyramids of Egypt, had built the Taj Mahal in India and made the Daming Palace, the Forbidden City of China.

回答者： 【lyx】 - 六级 2010-2-19 15:43

Building out of shelter, after the original function of this most basic, it knot on the indissoluble bond with the esthetics. In ensuring the functionality required under the premise of how to build houses more attractive to become a major pursuit of the architect. The basic characteristics of architectural aesthetics manifested in a combination of technology and art. There is therefore the art of property in the international public opinion has been formed. In Europe, the "art" or "Art" has always been on the concept of including painting, sculpture, architecture these three categories.

This problem does not lie in the construction, there does not include aesthetic elements, but the pursuit of art. We are 2000 years of Chinese architecture is only one form and style of the pursuit, and to reach the ultimate. But our efforts in this regard demonstrated the wisdom of perseverance and the total amount invested, we are not as good as Westerners. This can be run from the following points: First, from the building time and effort invested, we do a large-scale construction in ancient times in general only take a few years, more than ten years, while others generally have to spend decades, or even hundreds of years! One well-known as Saint Peter's Basilica took 121 years before; Notre Dame de Paris has experienced 139 years; Cologne Cathedral and even engage in more than 600 years of intermittent! The most comparable is the new Beijing West Railway Station and just completed the Berlin train station, both known as the continent's best, but we only had less than three years, while the Berlin train station was full with 11 year! I think this is clearly also contains a sense of arts and humanities as well as the concept of the differences. Secondly, from the architect's status and influence, we go down in history of the ancient architects were very few very few people called out names to be less. The people in Europe who do not know Michelangelo, Bernini, Schinkel, Wright, Gropius ... ... our own preparation of the "Encyclopedia of China" was listed as a separate entry of Chinese Architecture division a total of only 16, which accounted for eight of ancient. This is 8, only one Yousheng Death, the two only Lifetime, but I do not know their Death. May be that the two are China's major architectural theory book, "to create a French" and "wood by the" author! Worse still, another five years, birth and death are unknown! The majority of which five people were Ming and Qing dynasties, and have personally presided over the construction of the Ming Tombs and the Forbidden City and a series of magnificent buildings. This is included with a Dictionary of Chinese characters in other literary categories of entries compared to is really a world of difference! In this ancient Chinese writers, such as dictionaries were included as a separate entry, about 1050 I-bit; ancient Chinese artists have been more than 300 individual income. Thirdly, a summary of architectural theory, construction and impact, mentioned above, other people's books on architectural theory at the time of the birth much earlier than we are, content, much richer, more complete theory, international impact is far greater. Our ancient books on architectural theory, be used in foreign textbooks have not yet heard of it. Fourth, from the ruler's intention to run, has always stressed the function of the neglect of the arts. Especially in ancient times, some emperors also advocated off "humble palace Philippine food", "Mao Tribulus terrestris is not cut." Rulers are also willing to thrift, of course not a bad thing, but this emphasis on "good" light "beauty" of the tendency for the building development is not a good thing. The thinkers of that time was no exception, for example, Mo Tzu, in his view the construction as long as the wind and rain

Answer 3

It has formed this one most fundamental primitive function having built a breakaway keeping wind away taking shelter from rain right away with the aesthetics hereafter, an indissoluble bound. Under the premise ensuring that the function needs, building cover up with how good looking, main part becoming an architect runs after. The essential features building an aesthetics's shows the union in the technology and art right away. The art attribute building therefore forms public opinion long ago on the international. In Europe ", "art" or "the fine arts"all along will include drawing , sculpture, this one concept , builds this three big category. That this problem does not depend on if building middle has contains the appreciation of the beauty key element, but is the go after to art. And that our China builds two thousand having carried out go after on one kind of form and style only for many years, makes that reach an extreme. But, our in this respect what aspect shows what the stamina taking place and throw into wisdom all quantity Er Yan , we are to be inferior to Occidental. This can several come from the following: Judging from time and strength thrown into by building first,the sort our heavy section is built on the ancient times spends several years only, 10, but must spend several tens years like the household, even almost a century! The as among them well-known as sage · Peter cathedral front and back has spent 121 years; Notre Dame has experienced 139 years; Intermittent has set up the Koln cathedral even over 600 years! But first , second Berlin railway station being that the new-built Beijing west visitor stands and is completed juat now may compete with each other in sex's most, be known as the best of this continent, we have used the time being less than 3 years only, but the Berlin railway station has used 11 but wholly! I think that this one phenomenon is containing art consciousness evidently and even humanity concept difference problem. Judging from architect's position and effect secondly,our ancient times architect is recorded into the history seldom, can be let about take place first name be short more by the common people. But, a European common people , who do not know Michelangelo , Nini of Bell , Xinkeer , Wright , Geluopiwusi, ... Our country self write Chinese architect by single-handed column for entry only has 16 altogether among them ancient 8 Zhan. Grow the private year among this 8, only when 1 having , two only have the life year , be not aware of but their private year. But, that this two people parts for be important theory of architecture of our country book "build the French style " sum "wood passes through " author! The person another 5 life privates year be very much all not quite clear! This 5 philtrum is a Ming and Qing Dynasty period most all but , hosts a series of magnificent building such as mausoleum and the Palace Museum having constructed Ming Dynasty in person and. This that literature and art category personage entry is compared with the same Chinese that the dictionary includes other, is really a world of difference! If China is ancient, the man of letters is had more than 1,050 places in this dictionary by single-handed column for entry appointment; More than 300 Chinese artist the ancient times having by single-handed invisible income. Thirdly, higher authority had spoken judging from theory of architecture summary , construction and effect,the household theory of architecture books is listed in in the time coming into being much earlier than us, much richer , theoretically much more complete , between nations upper effect is much also bigger on content. Our ancient times theory of architecture books had not it is said that in returning back being used for textbook abroad. Be to emphasize a function but to ignore art judging from ruler's intention fourthly,all along. Especially, some emperors had advocated "humble palace Philippines food " ", the cogongrass puncture vine has not cut " on the ancient times. But the ruler can't be ready economical , certainly be not a bad thing, that this highly values "kind" "beautiful" light inclination is not a good deed but to development of building. Thinker that time neither exception , for example Mo Zi, he thinks that men and women who takes shelter from rain , keeps apart as long as the building keeping out the wind has gone. Do not include a building right away among "six kinds of skills skill of" Professor Confucius. Emperors of our country need the grand palace or luxurious gardens, but build self face to face for authority and enjoyment, almost person had not shown special interest. Acient Egypt pulls gal of miscellaneous king in the front in 3000 being equivalent to brick in person participate in lay a foundation; The statue taking a look at the first 23 worlds Gudiya king, is there be a architectural design picture on his knee , is explaining that the building has what position in his eye! Ancient Rome emperor Aogusi was proud the field says all once: "That I take over is the brick fragment Rome , that I stay is the marble Rome ". Generally the Western countries emperors, before their think that towards the period, sometimes need to ask him to think that the most distinguished architect of the present age is that he leaves the exhibition hall one several building the monument or art even. By contrast, our ancient times emperors cannot be compared with in this respect. This ruler's inclination definitely needs to affect the people who arrives at them, well , it is understandable denying the art attribute building indomitably until our architect still has person in the team now. Fifth, builds the comparison building with common customs from religion, in the west , the maximal building of artistic achievement is church and a temple, but is in China, the most splendid building is an imperial palace and an imperial mausoleum but. - ? any imperial family builds the country who far exceeds the religion building on affording food to thought being , the world , has been on the wane afterwards: Egypt having built a pyramid , China who has made Thailand girl mausoleum India and has built the Da Ming palace , the Palace Museum.
楼主看看好吗？让我上榜吧！绝对正确

Answer 4

Building out of shelter, after the original function of this most basic, it knot on the indissoluble bond with the esthetics. In ensuring the functionality required under the premise of how to build houses more attractive to become a major pursuit of the architect. The basic characteristics of architectural aesthetics manifested in a combination of technology and art. There is therefore the art of property in the international public opinion has been formed. In Europe, the "art" or "Art" has always been on the concept of including painting, sculpture, architecture these three categories.

  This problem does not lie in the construction, there does not include aesthetic elements, but the pursuit of art. We are 2000 years of Chinese architecture is only one form and style of the pursuit, and to reach the ultimate. But our efforts in this regard demonstrated the wisdom of perseverance and the total amount invested, we are not as good as Westerners. This can be run from the following points: First, from the building time and effort invested, we do a large-scale construction in ancient times in general only take a few years, more than ten years, while others generally have to spend decades, or even hundreds of years! One well-known as Saint Peter's Basilica took 121 years before; Notre Dame de Paris has experienced 139 years; Cologne Cathedral and even engage in more than 600 years of intermittent! The most comparable is the new Beijing West Railway Station and just completed the Berlin train station, both known as the continent's best, but we only had less than three years, while the Berlin train station was full with 11 year! I think this is clearly also contains a sense of arts and humanities as well as the concept of the differences. Secondly, from the architect's status and influence, we go down in history of the ancient architects were very few very few people called out names to be less. The people in Europe who do not know Michelangelo, Bernini, Schinkel, Wright, Gropius ... ... our own preparation of the "Encyclopedia of China" was listed as a separate entry of Chinese Architecture division a total of only 16, which accounted for eight of ancient. This is 8, only one Yousheng Death, the two only Lifetime, but I do not know their Death. May be that the two are China's major architectural theory book, "to create a French" and "wood by the" author! Worse still, another five years, birth and death are unknown! The majority of which five people were Ming and Qing dynasties, and have personally presided over the construction of the Ming Tombs and the Forbidden City and a series of magnificent buildings. This is included with a Dictionary of Chinese characters in other literary categories of entries compared to is really a world of difference! In this ancient Chinese writers, such as dictionaries were included as a separate entry, about 1050 I-bit; ancient Chinese artists have been more than 300 individual income. Thirdly, a summary of architectural theory, construction and impact, mentioned above, other people's books on architectural theory at the time of the birth much earlier than we are, content, much richer, more complete theory, international impact is far greater. Our ancient books on architectural theory, be used in foreign textbooks have not yet heard of it. Fourth, from the ruler's intention to run, has always stressed the function of the neglect of the arts. Especially in ancient times, some emperors also advocated off "humble palace Philippine food", "Mao Tribulus terrestris is not cut." Rulers are also willing to thrift, of course not a bad thing, but this emphasis on "good" light "beauty" of the tendency for the building development is not a good thing. The thinkers of that time was no exception, for example, Mo Tzu, in his view the construction as long as the wind and rain

Answer 5

Building out of shelter, after the original function of this most basic, it knot on the indissoluble bond with the esthetics. In ensuring the functionality required under the premise of how to build houses more attractive to become a major pursuit of the architect. The basic characteristics of architectural aesthetics manifested in a combination of technology and art. There is therefore the art of property in the international public opinion has been formed. In Europe, the "art" or "Art" has always been on the concept of including painting, sculpture, architecture these three categories.
This problem does not lie in the construction, there does not include aesthetic elements, but the pursuit of art. We are 2000 years of Chinese architecture is only one form and style of the pursuit, and to reach the ultimate. But our efforts in this regard demonstrated the wisdom of perseverance and the total amount invested, we are not as good as Westerners. This can be run from the following points: First, from the building time and effort invested, we do a large-scale construction in ancient times in general only take a few years, more than ten years, while others generally have to spend decades, or even hundreds of years! One well-known as Saint Peter's Basilica took 121 years before; Notre Dame de Paris has experienced 139 years; Cologne Cathedral and even engage in more than 600 years of intermittent! The most comparable is the new Beijing West Railway Station and just completed the Berlin train station, both known as the continent's best, but we only had less than three years, while the Berlin train station was full with 11 year! I think this is clearly also contains a sense of arts and humanities as well as the concept of the differences. Secondly, from the architect's status and influence, we go down in history of the ancient architects were very few very few people called out names to be less. The people in Europe who do not know Michelangelo, Bernini, Schinkel, Wright, Gropius ... ... our own preparation of the "Encyclopedia of China" was listed