Question

纳米材料的制备方法（中文，英文）越全越好

Answer 1

纳米材料的制备方法主要包括物理法和化学法两大类。
1 物理法：放电爆炸法、机械合金化法、严重塑性变形法、惰性气体蒸发法、等离子蒸发法、电子束法、激光束法等。
2 化学法：气相燃烧合成法、气相还原法、等离子化学气相沉积法、溶胶一凝胶法、共沉淀法、碳化法、微乳液法、络合物分解法等。纳米微粒和纳米材料具有广阔的应用前景，它的应用领域包括化工、机械、生物工程、电子、航天、陶瓷等方面。
（1）纳米微粒用作催化剂。聚合型马来酰亚胺树脂材料在军工、民用行业得到广泛应用，它性能优良，被认为是最有发展前途的树脂基体。纳米TiO2可作为N—苯基马来酰亚胺聚合反应的催化剂。
（2）纳米微粒可提高陶瓷塑性。纳米TiO2与其它金属氧化物纳米晶一起可组成具有优良力学性能的各种新型复合陶瓷材料，在开发超塑性陶瓷材料方面具有诱人的前景。
（3）纳米微粒用作润滑油添加剂，可大大减轻摩擦件之间的磨损。把平均粒径小于10nm的金刚石微粒（NMD）均匀加入Cu10Sn合金基体中，干滑动摩擦试验结果表明：在载荷78N、滑动速率低于1.6m／s时，Cu10Sn2NMD复合材料的摩擦因数稳定在0.19左右，远低于基体Cu10Sn合金（μ＝0.31～0.38）。而且Cu10Sn合金在摩擦过程中产生较大的噪音，摩擦过程不平稳，而Cu10Sn2NMD复合材料摩擦过程非常平稳，噪音很低，并且在摩擦副的表面形成了部分连续的固体润滑膜。
（4）纳米颗粒用于生物传感器。葡萄糖生物传感器在临床医学、食品工业等方面都有重要的用途。将金、银、铜等纳米颗粒引入葡萄糖氧化酶膜层中，由此制得的生物传感器体积小，电极响应快、灵敏度高。
（5）纳米复合材料。采用溶胶—凝胶法可制备出聚酰亚胺／二氧化硅纳米复合材料。
（6）纳米微晶应用于磁性材料中，可制备出高效电子元件和高密度信息贮存器。

Answer 2

Nanotechnology is the design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size on the nanoscale. Eight to ten atoms span one nanometer (nm). A human hair is approximately 70,000 to 80,000 nm thick. Nanotechnology has been put to practical use for a wide range of applications, including stain resistant pants, enhanced tire reinforcement and improved suntan lotion.

Nanotechnology is a subclassification of technology in biology, physics, chemistry and other scientific fields, defined by the United States' National Nanotechnology Initiative website as "the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications."

Tools and techniquesThe origins of nanoscience and nanotechnology date back to the late 19th century, when nanometer size colloidal materials were first synthesized and characterized. Nanoscience and nanotechnology only became possible in the 1980s with the development of the first tools to measure and make nanostructures.

The atomic force microscope (AFM) and the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) are two early versions of scanning probes that launched nanotechnology. There are other types of scanning probe microscopy, all based on the idea of the STM, that make it possible to see structures at the nanoscale.

The tip of scanning probes can also be used to manipulate nanostructures (a process called positional assembly). However, this is a very slow process. This led to the development of various techniques of nanolithography such as dip pen nanolithography, electron beam lithography or nanoimprint lithography.

Lithography is a top-down fabrication technique where a bulk material is reduced in size to nanoscale pattern.

In contrast, bottom-up techniques build or grow larger structures atom by atom or molecule by molecule. These techniques include chemical synthesis, self-assembly and positional assembly.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/p/Nanotechnology
这个网站上有更多的英文资料

Answer 3

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Answer 4

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