宾语从句定语从句
定语从句
在复合句中，用作定语的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词的后面，由关系代词或关系副词引导。下面我们结合例句来复习一下初中学过的由that, which, who和whom引导的定语从句。
1.关系代词that引导的定语从句，that在从句中作主语或宾语，可以指人，也可以指物。如：
The letter that came this morning is from my father.(作主语，指物)
Here are the books that I borrowed from you a week ago.(作宾语，指物)
The woman that spoke to me in the shop used to live next door.(作主语，指人)
The person that I have to phone lives inIndia.(作宾语，指人)
2.关系代词which引导的定语从句，which在从句中作主语或宾语，只可以指物。如：
Take the book which is lying on the table.(作主语，指物)
It's a story which every child will enjoy.(作宾语，指物)
3.关系代词who和whom引导的定语从句。who和whom只可以指人，who在从句中作主语, whom在从句中作宾语，在口语中常用who代替whom。如：
Those students who failed the exam will have to take it again.(作主语，指人)
The girl who / whom I spoke to was a student.(作宾语，指人)
What能引导的特殊定语从句
对于定语从句这一块，大部分同学对于基本的which, who, that引导的从句并不陌生，但是对于what这个词，大部分老师都会说what不能引导定语从句。只能说它不是一般的定从，而是一个先行词和关系代词的结合体，因此关于what引导的定语从句，前面本身都不应该再出现先行词。换句话说，如果句中已有先行词，就一定不能用what引导。比如错句：You can have everything what you like.这里中what该词前已经有了先行词everything，所以不能用what引导。
另一句：Those activities became what he calls “electronic heroin”。这句中what在从句中作谓语calls的宾语，或者更具体的是充当宾语补足语，而这个what相当于the activities that，即一个先行词和关系代词的结合体。但是另从结构上来说，what从句是充当became的表语，也就是相当于名词从句中的表语从句。所以该句既可看做是what引导的特殊定语从句，又可充当名词性从句。
关于what的先行词，它的'作用类似于that，既可指物，又可指人。What都是单独使用的，即其后没有接名词连用。在06年阅读第三篇中有这么一句话：Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago.That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught.后面这句话中that是该句的主语，means 是谓语动词， 其后有一个省略了that引导的宾语从句，从句的谓语动词为is being caught.主语为a higher proportion of what is in the sea, 其中what is in the sea是做of的宾语，而不是what这个词做of的宾语，这里what前没有先行词，且what用来指物。所以what is in the sea翻译成海洋生物，整句就变成了”那就意味着更高比例的海洋生物正在被捕捞。”
另外what如果后面接的是名词的话，那就意味着what类似于做定从中的关系形容词，翻译成“所有的……，尽可能多的……”。如：The accident completely wiped out what little sight he had left.这次事故让他仅有的一点视力也丧失了。
宾语从句
在复合句中，用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的词有： that, whether, if, who, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why等。如：
She said that the book was based on a true story.
No one knows exactly what happened.
I don't know when I'll see her again.
注意：宾语从句既可跟在及物动词后面，也可跟在介词后。如：
Show me what you have bought.
She was shocked by what she has seen.
1.定义：
用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
2.构成：
关联词+简单句。
3.宾语从句的语序一定是陈述句语序。
(who 作主语的从句本身就是陈述句语序)
4.宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语，连接宾语从句的连词有that(that在口语中常省略)。
whether，if，和连接代词what， which， who， whom及连接副词when， where， how， why。
He knew(that) he should study hard.
他知道他应该努力学习。
Can you tell me which class you are in?
您能告诉我，您在哪一班吗?
He asked me if he could come in，
他问我他是否能进来。
宾语从句的时态变化规律：
主句 从句
一般现在时 可根据需要用任何时态。
一般过去时 过去的某种时态，例如：一般过去，过去进行，过去完成，过去将来等
注意：说到自然现象和普遍真理时，用一般现在时
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
