Question

段落翻译 汉译英 论文需要！！急

RT 1．折射出不同的宗教信仰
社会语言学研究表明，言语禁忌既具有宗教性，又具有阶级性。但是，英语和汉语在这方面却表现出了各自的特点。虽然英语委婉语大多起源于宗教迷信，但比起西方民族来，中华民族没有一个共同、统一的宗教信仰。以“死亡”这个词为例，信仰不同宗教的人有不同的委婉语，西方人大多信仰基督教，基督教认为生命是上帝赋予的，人在其有生之年注定要经历罪恶、堕落和赎罪，而且只有赎清人的原罪，才能在来世得到拯救，进入天堂，否则将在地狱里永受煎熬。基督教的死亡观是以死后灵魂得到拯救，进入天堂为中心的。
由于汉民族没有统一的宗教信仰，佛教、道教、伊斯兰教等都有其追随的信徒，宗教禁忌没有对全民族语言产生较大的影响。汉语中“死亡”的委婉语多来自道教和佛教。道教是中国的本土宗教，自道家思想中，死观在委婉语中得以充分体现，如“隐化、迁形、物化”等，道教的神仙学说给后世留下了“化仙，升天，仙逝”等委婉语。佛教发源于印度，后传入中国。佛教认为一切有生命的东西都依据一定的因果关系，在“六道”中轮回，历经苦难，生死相续，只有皈依佛门，才能摆脱轮回之苦，进入佛教修行的最高境界。直接来源于佛教教义的死亡委婉语“涅盘”,是佛教所指的最高境界的音译。来自佛教的委婉语有“成佛，圆寂，归真，坐化，寂灭”等。佛祖释迦牟尼居住在西方的极乐世界，凡是佛教的善男信女们生前行善积德，憧憬着死后能够到达西方的极乐世界,因此在汉语中也有了“上西天”、“归西”、“上天”等对于死的委婉的说法 。
2．折射出不同的等级观念
在中国，悠久的历史文化和尊祖敬宗的传统孕育了汉语中名目繁多的“名讳”和称谓上的禁忌。现代社会已经建立了民主的社会体制，但在人际交往中，仍存在“名讳”情形，即上对下或年长的对年轻的可以称名，而下对上则称官职，晚辈也不可直呼长辈之名，比如局长“张军”，上级可以直呼其名，下级一般称呼为“张局”而避免直接呼名道姓。这与西方文化有所差异，英美文化中没有显著的等级观念，无论地位高低都可以直呼其名。但对于上帝的名字、魔鬼的名字就需要避讳，人们头脑中的根深蒂固的等级观念在这些对某些职业的借代婉称中可见一斑。
3．折射出不同的传统与伦理
英美文化以个人主义为中心，不迷信特权和传统，注重独立和进取，创新而轻老。加之在西方社会中，家庭结构松散，子女成人后就与父母分开居住是西方社会的传统习惯，老人生活孤单寂寞，因此“老”就成了生活中的一个大忌。它意味着思想僵化、固执、任性、怪癖等。所以英语中有关“老”的委婉语特别多。从事英语委婉语研究的专家尼曼等曾风趣地指出，当今的美国没有“老的”(old)，要么是“老练的”(seasoned)，要么是“保养得很好的(well-preserved) 。中国的文化以家族主义为中心，注重敬老尊贤，提倡伦理道德， 在中国的传统文化中，“老”并不是禁忌语，“老”代表了经验、学识、成熟、可靠，年老是资历和地位的象征，“华发”，“夕阳红”等少量的委婉语，也饱含敬意。
4．折射出不同的社会价值观
受儒家思想的影响，在汉民族的社会意识中，有浓厚的重义轻利、重义轻财的价值取向，“士不理财”，人们千百年抱定“万般皆下品，唯有读书高”。国人耻于经商，羞于言钱，更不屑于与商贾打交道，高雅场合出口不直言钱，戏称为“孔方”、“官板儿”、 “孔方兄”等，旧时代还称银元为“龙洋、“人头”、“龙人头”，现代则是 “大团结”、“伟人头”等。随着近二十年来改革开放的深入，人们认同了金钱的重要性，但仍存在一些不直白地对有钱人称呼“大款”、“款爷”、“暴发户”，而知识分子的经商行为成了 “下海”。经济飞速发展的同时，人们依然崇尚知识，羡慕国家公务员的职业，称“铁饭碗”和 “吃皇粮”。
求翻译高手 不要用翻译工具直接翻译拷贝。。。还是感谢1楼

Answer 1

RT 1. Reflects the different religious beliefs
Sociolinguistics studies have shown that speech has both religious taboos, but also has a class character. However, the English and Chinese in this area has demonstrated its own characteristics. Although the majority of English euphemism originated in religious superstition, but compared to Western nations, the Chinese do not have a common, unified religion. "Death" is the word, for example, believe in different religions have different euphemism, Westerners are mostly Christian, Christianity holds that life is God-given, and people in their lifetime is bound to go through sin, degradation and redemption, and only redeem Qing Dynasty's original sin can be saved in the afterlife, to heaven, or they will languish in hell forever. The death of the Christian concept of salvation is based on the soul after death into heaven as the center.
As the Han nationality there is no uniform religion, Buddhism, Taoism, Islam has its own following of believers, there is no religious taboo on the whole national language have a greater impact. In Chinese "death" a euphemism came from Taoism and Buddhism. Taoism is China's indigenous religion, since the Taoist thought, dead concept in euphemisms can be fully reflected in, such as "hidden-oriented, moving shape, materialization" and so on, Taoist immortals doctrine left to future generations "of cents, to heaven, pass away "and other euphemisms. Buddhism originated in India and later came to China. Buddhists believe that all living things according to certain causal relationship, in the "6" in reincarnation, after suffering, life and death phase continued, and only converted to Buddhism in order to get rid of the pain of samsara, the Buddhist highest state of cultivation. Directly from the death of the Buddhist doctrine of euphemism, "Nirvana" is the highest state of Buddhism within the meaning of transliteration. From the Buddhist euphemism of "Buddha, passed away, die, Zuo Hua, mortal things" and so on. Sakyamuni Buddha lived in the Western Paradise, the believers of Buddhism alive those who do good Jide, looking forward to the death to reach the Western Paradise, so in Chinese has also been "on the Western Paradise", "Gui Xi", "Heaven" and other euphemisms for death.
2. Reflects a different hierarchy
In China, a long history of traditional culture and Zunzu Yoshimune gave birth to the numerous Chinese language, "the name taboo" and the title of a taboo. Modern society has established a democratic social system, but in interpersonal exchanges, there are still "famous taboo" situation, that is right under or older can be called the name of the young, but claimed that under the previous office, juniors must not address him the name of their elders, such as the Secretary, "Zhang", the higher you can address him by name, the lower the general call for "Zhang Council" and the name Road name to avoid direct call. This is the difference in Western culture, Anglo-American culture, there is no significant hierarchy, whether high or low status could address him by name. But for God's name, the devil's name needs to taboo, people's minds in the deep-rooted sense of hierarchy in those of certain occupations by the generation-wan said in evident.
3. Reflects the different traditions and ethics
Anglo-American culture is individualism as the center, not superstition, privilege and tradition, emphasis on independent and progressive, innovative, lightweight and old. Coupled with in Western society, the family structure is loose, after the parents of adult children living apart from the traditions and customs of Western society, the elderly living lonely, so "old" life became a taboo. It means thinking of rigid, stubborn, headstrong, eccentric and so on. So, in English the "old" euphemism is particularly high. Engaged in the study of English euphemisms and other experts have been funny Niemann pointed out that the United States today there is no "old" (old), or a "seasoned" (seasoned), or a "well-preserved (well-preserved) . China's culture to the family as its center, focusing on Jinglaozunxian, promote ethics, in traditional Chinese culture, "old" is not taboo words, "old" represents the experience, knowledge, maturity, reliability, old age is seniority and status symbol, "white hair", "Sunset Red" and a small amount of euphemism, but also full of respect.
Questions added: 4. Reflect different social values
Affected by the impact of Confucianism in the Han nation's social consciousness, there is a strong emphasis on light profit justice, justice light heavy fiscal values, "disability is not financial," thousands of people embark on the venture, "of talking, only education . " People who feel ashamed of doing business, ashamed made money, even bothered to deal with the merchants, elegant occasions, the export does not respect money, nicknamed "Kong side", "official board child", "Kong Fangxiong" and so on, the old times also called silver for the "Dragon Yang, a "head", "dragon head", the modern is "unity", "great man", etc.. With the deepening of reform and opening up the past two decades, people recognized the importance of money, but there are still some non-direct white, the rich call "big-spender," "Kuan Ye", "upstarts", and running businesses intellectuals became "sea." rapid economic development, people are still advocating knowledge, envious of the national civil service career, called "iron rice bowl" and "eat imperial grain."

Answer 2

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