高中英语非谓语动词讲解-(整理)

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非谓语考点大揭秘
老师叮咛:李辉老师说,想要提高语法,攻破非谓语是第一步!下面的知识点都是历年真题中最常出现的、最值得同学们优先理解的非谓语考点!经过了全网首席高考英语名师李辉老师团队高度认真地整理校对,无错、可信!可供全国各省高中生打印、学习、背诵!

一、非谓语
非谓语形式为以下7种,对应7种意思。
1.做:doing
2.被做:done
3.要做/去做:to do
4.要被做:to be done
5.之前做:having done
6.之前被做:having been done(只能作状语)
7.正在被做:being done
(前三种考的频率较高)
二、不定式
不定式是指在句中无人称和数的限制,并在句中起着名词、形容词或副词作用 的语法成分。动词不定式有两种形式,一种带不定式符号to,一种不带不定式符号to。
1.动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会用for sb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。
如:To help animals is helping people. 帮助动物就是帮助人。
It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well. (对于我们而言)学好汉语是非常的困难。
It took me half an hour to work out this problem. 解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间。
2.动词不定式可以作谓语动词(及物动词)的宾语。
如:I would like to have a rest at the moment. 我现在想休息一下。
They began to search the room for the thief. 他们开始在屋子里搜寻小偷。
[补充说明]
常用不定式作宾语的动词:
want 想要 wish 希望 hope 希望 offer 主动提出
decide 决定 help 帮助 long 盼望 arrange 安排
learn 学会 ask 要求 refuse 拒绝 promise 答应
pretend 假装 expect 期望 dare 敢 afford 承担得起
plan 计划 manage 成功 agree 同意 prepare 准备
determine 决定 desire 渴望 demand 强烈要求
3.动词不定式可以在句子中用作定语,放在名词或代词后面。
如:a key to lock the door 锁门的钥匙 a box to hold these things 装这些东西的箱子
但如果不定式动词是不及物动词,那么后面需要加介词。
They could not find a place to live in. 他们找不到住的地方。
Please give me a chair to sit on. 请给我一张椅子坐坐。
4. 动词不定式可以在句子中用作状语,有下列几种情况:
[A] 放在不及物动词come, go, stop, finish, wait 等词的后面。
如:He came to see her yesterday. 他昨天来看望她。(表示来的目的)
I stopped to have a rest. 我停下来休息一会儿。(表示停下来的目的)
[B]放在完整的谓语之后(即“谓语+宾语”、“谓语+宾语+补语”、“动词+表语”之后)。
如:We cleaned the room to let him play in it. 我们打扫了房间以便让他在里面玩。
I opened the window to see more clearly. 我打开窗子以便看得更清楚点儿。
[C]有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。
如:To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.
为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了一个小时。(表示早起的目的)
[注意]
A.stop to do 与 stop doing的不同。
如:They stopped to have a look.
他们停下来看看。(不定式作“停下来”的目的状语)
They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teacher.
他们停止向窗外望,开始听老师讲课。(动名词作宾语,表示“停止”的内容)
B.不定式作目的状语也常用在in order (not) to do或so as (not) to do结构中,但so as (not) to do结构不用在句首。
In order to fetch wood,villagers had to walk many kilometers.
为了砍柴,村民们得走好几千米的路程。
She swung the pork in her hand so as to attract the lion’s attention.
她把猪肉在手中摇晃着,以吸引狮子的注意力。
5.动词不定式可以在句子中用作表语,限用于连系动词之后。
如:My job is to keep the goal. 我的工作就是守住球门。
6.动词不定式可以在句子中用作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。
如:Mum asked me to help her with the cooking. 妈妈叫我帮助她做饭。
[注意] help 之后做宾补的不定式符号 to 可以省略;
要求跟不定式作宾补的动词:
劝教命请叫advise, teach, order, command, ask, tell
允许又警告allow, permit, warn
使役表意向cause, let, have, make, lead, set, leave, get, wish, want, expect
知觉动词妙feel, hear, watch, see, observe, notice(感官动词省略to)
感官动词之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时, 含义不同,需特别注意(参见现在分词部分)。
试比较:
I heard her crying when I walked past. 我路过时听到她正在哭。(指当时瞬间的情况)
I sat near her and heard her sing the new song. 我坐在她附近听她唱新歌。(指整个过程)
不定式的时态

用 法

意 义

示 例

一般式
to do

表示与谓语动词的动作同时
(我几乎同时)发生的动作或状况。

He seems to be tired
=It seems that he is tired.
他似乎累了。

表示发生在谓语动词的动作之
后的动作.这种用法的动询常用
有promise, wish, hope, expect, plan, want, mean, intend 等。

We expect him to come.
=We expect that he will come.
我们希望他回来。
She promises to write to me once a week =She says (that) she will write to me once a week.
她答应每周给我写封信。

进行式
to be doing

表示不定式的动作与谓语
动词的动作同时进行。

Don't pretend to be work hard. Just do what you should.不要假装努力工作.做你该做的事。
I discovered him to be eating in the room.我发现他在房间里吃东西。

用 法

意义

示 例

完成式

表示不定式的动作
或状态发生在谓语
动词的动作之前。

He seems to have been ill.
=It seems that he was
/ has been ill.
他似乎刚病过。
He seemed to have been ill.
=It seemed that he
had been ill.
他似乎过去病过。

to have done

表过去没有实现的愿望、期待或计划。谓语动词常为下列动词: wished, hoped, intended, meant, expected,
planned, promised, wanted,
thought, desired, were,
was, would like, should like等。

I wished to have bought a
car,but I had no money.
我希望买部车,但我
(当时)没有钱。

完成进行式
to have been doing

不定式的动作或状态在
谓语动词的动作或
状态前一直在进行,
并可能存在下去。

He is said to have been teaching there for more than thirty years.
据说他在那儿教书有30多年了。

三、动名词
1.动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。
动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被状语修饰;它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。动名词加相关词语(宾语或状语等)构成动名词短语。
2.动名词可以作主语。一般可用 it 作形式主语而将动名词短语后移。
如:Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.
(自学好英语不那么容易)
3.动名词可以作宾语。
[A]want / need 之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。
如:Your car needs repairing badly. 你的车急需修理。被修)
My hair needs cutting. 我要理发。(头发被理)
[B]remember / forget / stop / finish 之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。
如:I forgot to write a letter to him. 我忘了给他写封信。(根本没写)
I forgot writing a letter to him. 我忘了给他写过信。(写了却忘了)
They stopped to look back. 他们停下来向后看。(停下的目的是向后看)
They stopped looking back. 他们停止向后看。(不向后看了)
[C]enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go 等词一般用动名词作宾语。
如:Do you mind my closing the door? 把门关上你介意吗?
She hates travelling by air. 她讨厌坐飞机旅行。
They went swimming every afternoon. 他们每天下午去游泳。
I enjoy walking around the town. 我喜欢在镇上转悠。
[D]like / love / start / begin / learn 后面用动名词时,与用不定式意思相近或相同。
如:We began to study English when we were at primary school. 我们在小学时就开始学英语了。
We began studying English when we were at primary school. 我们在小学时就开始学英语了。
4.动名词可以作表语,此时特别注意不要与现在进行时混淆。
如:My job is putting these parts together. 我的事情是把这些部件拼起来。
I am putting these parts together. 我正在把这些部件拼起来。
5.动名词与现在分词构成相同,但是含义不同,动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词则主要表示进行着的动作。
如:Eating too much is not good for your health. (动名词短语,作主语)
Seeing is believing. (动名词短语,分别作主语和表语)
He ran after a moving bus and got onto it. (现在分词,作定语)
His father saw him sitting on some eggs. (现在分词,作宾补)
四、分词: 包含现在分词和过去分词。(高中学习重点)
主要区别:现在分词一般有主动的意思或表示动作正在进行的意思;过去分词有被动或动作已经完成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。
1.作定语:分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要放在所修饰的名词之后。
如:I have got a running nose.
我流鼻涕了。
The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!”
跟着小偷追的妇女大喊:捉小偷!
Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.
昨天我遇见了一个名叫布莱克先生的人。
He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.
他只给了我一个坏玻璃杯,所以我很生他的气。
2.现在分词可以作下列动词的宾语补足语。(参考不定式作宾语补足语)
keep(保持) / see(看到) / hear(听到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感觉到)
如:In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.
黑暗之中我感到有个冷的东西在我的脚上移动。
3.现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。
如:She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.
他走进教室,手上抓着一沓纸。
I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.
这些日子我正忙着准备即将来到的口语考试。
4. 过去分词可以作表语,放在连系动词后面,但要注意不要与被动语态混淆,“主系表”主要表示状态,而被动语态则表示动作。
常用过去分词作表语的结构有:be worried (焦虑) / be pleased (高兴) / be tired (疲劳) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / become frustrated (沮丧) / become interested in (对…兴趣)等等
5. 过去分词可以作宾语补足语。
如:I had my hair cut this morning.
今天早上我让人给我理了发。
(注意:have sth. done 表示动作由别人来做,而 have done sth.则为
现在完成时的结构,两个结构不可以混淆。)
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JorieW
2020-09-30
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一次性破解非谓语常考点
老师叮咛:李辉老师说,想要提高语法,攻破非谓语是第一步!下面的知识点都是历年真题中最常出现的、最值得同学们优先理解的非谓语考点!经过了全网首席高考英语名师李辉老师团队高度认真地整理校对,无错、可信!可供全国各省高中生打印、学习、背诵!

一、非谓语
非谓语形式为以下7种,对应7种意思。
1.做:doing
2.被做:done
3.要做/去做:to do
4.要被做:to be done
5.之前做:having done
6.之前被做:having been done(只能作状语)
7.正在被做:being done
(前三种考的频率较高)
二、不定式
不定式是指在句中无人称和数的限制,并在句中起着名词、形容词或副词作用 的语法成分。动词不定式有两种形式,一种带不定式符号to,一种不带不定式符号to。
1.动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会用for sb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。
如:To help animals is helping people. 帮助动物就是帮助人。
It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well. (对于我们而言)学好汉语是非常的困难。
It took me half an hour to work out this problem. 解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间。
2.动词不定式可以作谓语动词(及物动词)的宾语。
如:I would like to have a rest at the moment. 我现在想休息一下。
They began to search the room for the thief. 他们开始在屋子里搜寻小偷。
[补充说明]
常用不定式作宾语的动词:
want 想要 wish 希望 hope 希望 offer 主动提出
decide 决定 help 帮助 long 盼望 arrange 安排
learn 学会 ask 要求 refuse 拒绝 promise 答应
pretend 假装 expect 期望 dare 敢 afford 承担得起
plan 计划 manage 成功 agree 同意 prepare 准备
determine 决定 desire 渴望 demand 强烈要求
3.动词不定式可以在句子中用作定语,放在名词或代词后面。
如:a key to lock the door 锁门的钥匙 a box to hold these things 装这些东西的箱子
但如果不定式动词是不及物动词,那么后面需要加介词。
They could not find a place to live in. 他们找不到住的地方。
Please give me a chair to sit on. 请给我一张椅子坐坐。
4. 动词不定式可以在句子中用作状语,有下列几种情况:
[A] 放在不及物动词come, go, stop, finish, wait 等词的后面。
如:He came to see her yesterday. 他昨天来看望她。(表示来的目的)
I stopped to have a rest. 我停下来休息一会儿。(表示停下来的目的)
[B]放在完整的谓语之后(即“谓语+宾语”、“谓语+宾语+补语”、“动词+表语”之后)。
如:We cleaned the room to let him play in it. 我们打扫了房间以便让他在里面玩。
I opened the window to see more clearly. 我打开窗子以便看得更清楚点儿。
[C]有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。
如:To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.
为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了一个小时。(表示早起的目的)
[注意]
A.stop to do 与 stop doing的不同。
如:They stopped to have a look.
他们停下来看看。(不定式作“停下来”的目的状语)
They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teacher.
他们停止向窗外望,开始听老师讲课。(动名词作宾语,表示“停止”的内容)
B.不定式作目的状语也常用在in order (not) to do或so as (not) to do结构中,但so as (not) to do结构不用在句首。
In order to fetch wood,villagers had to walk many kilometers.
为了砍柴,村民们得走好几千米的路程。
She swung the pork in her hand so as to attract the lion’s attention.
她把猪肉在手中摇晃着,以吸引狮子的注意力。
5.动词不定式可以在句子中用作表语,限用于连系动词之后。
如:My job is to keep the goal. 我的工作就是守住球门。
6.动词不定式可以在句子中用作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。
如:Mum asked me to help her with the cooking. 妈妈叫我帮助她做饭。
[注意] help 之后做宾补的不定式符号 to 可以省略;
要求跟不定式作宾补的动词:
劝教命请叫advise, teach, order, command, ask, tell
允许又警告allow, permit, warn
使役表意向cause, let, have, make, lead, set, leave, get, wish, want, expect
知觉动词妙feel, hear, watch, see, observe, notice(感官动词省略to)
感官动词之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时, 含义不同,需特别注意(参见现在分词部分)。
试比较:
I heard her crying when I walked past. 我路过时听到她正在哭。(指当时瞬间的情况)
I sat near her and heard her sing the new song. 我坐在她附近听她唱新歌。(指整个过程)
不定式的时态

用 法

意 义

示 例

一般式
to do

表示与谓语动词的动作同时
(我几乎同时)发生的动作或状况。

He seems to be tired
=It seems that he is tired.
他似乎累了。

表示发生在谓语动词的动作之
后的动作.这种用法的动询常用
有promise, wish, hope, expect, plan, want, mean, intend 等。

We expect him to come.
=We expect that he will come.
我们希望他回来。
She promises to write to me once a week =She says (that) she will write to me once a week.
她答应每周给我写封信。

进行式
to be doing

表示不定式的动作与谓语
动词的动作同时进行。

Don't pretend to be work hard. Just do what you should.不要假装努力工作.做你该做的事。
I discovered him to be eating in the room.我发现他在房间里吃东西。

用 法

意义

示 例

完成式

表示不定式的动作
或状态发生在谓语
动词的动作之前。

He seems to have been ill.
=It seems that he was
/ has been ill.
他似乎刚病过。
He seemed to have been ill.
=It seemed that he
had been ill.
他似乎过去病过。

to have done

表过去没有实现的愿望、期待或计划。谓语动词常为下列动词: wished, hoped, intended, meant, expected,
planned, promised, wanted,
thought, desired, were,
was, would like, should like等。

I wished to have bought a
car,but I had no money.
我希望买部车,但我
(当时)没有钱。

完成进行式
to have been doing

不定式的动作或状态在
谓语动词的动作或
状态前一直在进行,
并可能存在下去。

He is said to have been teaching there for more than thirty years.
据说他在那儿教书有30多年了。

三、动名词
1.动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。
动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被状语修饰;它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。动名词加相关词语(宾语或状语等)构成动名词短语。
2.动名词可以作主语。一般可用 it 作形式主语而将动名词短语后移。
如:Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.
(自学好英语不那么容易)
3.动名词可以作宾语。
[A]want / need 之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。
如:Your car needs repairing badly. 你的车急需修理。被修)
My hair needs cutting. 我要理发。(头发被理)
[B]remember / forget / stop / finish 之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。
如:I forgot to write a letter to him. 我忘了给他写封信。(根本没写)
I forgot writing a letter to him. 我忘了给他写过信。(写了却忘了)
They stopped to look back. 他们停下来向后看。(停下的目的是向后看)
They stopped looking back. 他们停止向后看。(不向后看了)
[C]enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go 等词一般用动名词作宾语。
如:Do you mind my closing the door? 把门关上你介意吗?
She hates travelling by air. 她讨厌坐飞机旅行。
They went swimming every afternoon. 他们每天下午去游泳。
I enjoy walking around the town. 我喜欢在镇上转悠。
[D]like / love / start / begin / learn 后面用动名词时,与用不定式意思相近或相同。
如:We began to study English when we were at primary school. 我们在小学时就开始学英语了。
We began studying English when we were at primary school. 我们在小学时就开始学英语了。
4.动名词可以作表语,此时特别注意不要与现在进行时混淆。
如:My job is putting these parts together. 我的事情是把这些部件拼起来。
I am putting these parts together. 我正在把这些部件拼起来。
5.动名词与现在分词构成相同,但是含义不同,动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词则主要表示进行着的动作。
如:Eating too much is not good for your health. (动名词短语,作主语)
Seeing is believing. (动名词短语,分别作主语和表语)
He ran after a moving bus and got onto it. (现在分词,作定语)
His father saw him sitting on some eggs. (现在分词,作宾补)
四、分词: 包含现在分词和过去分词。(高中学习重点)
主要区别:现在分词一般有主动的意思或表示动作正在进行的意思;过去分词有被动或动作已经完成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。
1.作定语:分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要放在所修饰的名词之后。
如:I have got a running nose.
我流鼻涕了。
The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!”
跟着小偷追的妇女大喊:捉小偷!
Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.
昨天我遇见了一个名叫布莱克先生的人。
He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.
他只给了我一个坏玻璃杯,所以我很生他的气。
2.现在分词可以作下列动词的宾语补足语。(参考不定式作宾语补足语)
keep(保持) / see(看到) / hear(听到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感觉到)
如:In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.
黑暗之中我感到有个冷的东西在我的脚上移动。
3.现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。
如:She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.
他走进教室,手上抓着一沓纸。
I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.
这些日子我正忙着准备即将来到的口语考试。
4. 过去分词可以作表语,放在连系动词后面,但要注意不要与被动语态混淆,“主系表”主要表示状态,而被动语态则表示动作。
常用过去分词作表语的结构有:be worried (焦虑) / be pleased (高兴) / be tired (疲劳) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / become frustrated (沮丧) / become interested in (对…兴趣)等等
5. 过去分词可以作宾语补足语。
如:I had my hair cut this morning.
今天早上我让人给我理了发。
(注意:have sth. done 表示动作由别人来做,而 have done sth.则为
现在完成时的结构,两个结构不可以混淆。)
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