定语从句which的用法
定语从句which的用法 篇1
一，which前面有逗号，逗号前面是个名词，which就近指代那个名词。
(1) Tankfield emailed Pea some photos, which did not cheer Pea up.
which就近指代photos，定语从句中谓语动词did not cheer (Pea up)的发出者即从句主语即先行词photos，是photos没让豌豆家属高兴起来。
(2) Tankfield emailed Pea some photos, which Pea did not find interesting.
which就近指代photos，photos是定语从句中的宾语，把定语从句还原成一个完整句就是Pea did not find the photos interesting.
可以看到，上面两个句子都可以以that为关系代词改写，即
(1)’ Tankfield emailed Pea some photos that did not cheer Pea up.
(2)’ Tankfield emailed Pea some photos that Pea did not find interesting.
改写与原版区别在哪儿?就在一个逗号。which前面是名词，名词和which之间没逗号的，在GMAT语法里算错。
二，which前面是介词，介词前面是名词，which就近指代介词前的那个名词，名词和介词之间有无逗号均可。
Tankfield once lent Pea a book from which Pea glimpsed the basics of genes.
这个句子可以“拆”成如下两句：(每个定语从句都可以拆成两句，以先行词为拆分点)
Tankfield once lent Pea a book. Pea glimpsed the basics of genes from the book.
先行词实际上是定语从句中介词的宾语，这时，需要把介词提前，避免如下表达：
Tankfield once lent Pea a book, which Pea glimpsed the basics of genes from. (XXX)
Tankfield once lent Pea a book that Pea glimpsed the basics of genes from. (XXX)
上中学的时候学过，which引导的定语从句叫“非限制性定语从句”，是不是?它怎么就“非限制性”了?回顾上述GMAT语法规定which有且仅有的两种用法，which指的都是就近的名词，从句其实还是限制性的。
所谓非限制性呢，是说which指逗号之前一套主谓所描述的情况，以逗号前的一个完整句为先行词。比如：
Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea, which was rather sad.
Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea, which Pea did not refuse to acknowledge to herself any more.
注意，这样的非限制性定语从句在GMAT语法中是不成立的，关于which，GMAT语法考试只认可上述两种限制性用法。那么，在GMAT语法考试规则范围内，用什么方法能够表达出原来学过的非限制性定语从句的意思来呢?
分成两句或做出同位语来都是可以的，当然，需要先找出一个名词把原来非限制性定语从句的先行词(即那个完整的句子)概括出来。
一、分成两句
Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea. The fact was rather sad.
Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea. Pea did not refuse to acknowledge the fact to herself any more.
二、做同位语
Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea, the fact, rather sad, beingwhatPea did not refuse to acknowledge to herself any more.
是不是听过传说，带being的一概不选?Being为什么这么遭人鄙视?上面的例句还是成立的吗?
定语从句which的用法 篇2
关系代词which的用法
(1)在非限定性定语从句中，只宜用which, 不宜用that.
(非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解，在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如若将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，起前后都需要用逗号隔开。翻译成人类的语言就是：有逗号的句子…)
例句：Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a very beautiful city.
(2)在限定性定语(就是正常的句子)从句中which和that在指代物的时候常常可以通用，但是有时只宜用which
而不用that 。 关系代词前面有介词的时候 (也就是说，有介词就不能用that) 例句：This is the hotel in which you will stay.
(3)"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句
关系代词(基本上除了when, where, why, how以外都叫关系代词……)whom, which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,可以跟介词一起放在主句和从句之间;当先行词指人时,介词后的关系代词用whom, 其余用which,这时的关系代词不能省略。含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在动词的后面。
例句：his is the book (which / that) I'm looking for. 这就是我在找的那本书。
在这类定语从句中,介词的选择一般根据动词的需要。
例如 This is the house in which my family lived during the war.
这个句子中从句"which my family lived"中的动词是live,你不能说live
house吧,只能说live in house,这里live和in搭配所以which前就要家in.
(4)所以说你想要知道到底which前用不用加介词和加什么介词主要有两点:
1是你要看这个从句缺不缺介词,
2是要看动词与介词的固定搭配,这就是要背的了.
例句：This is the girl which I like.这句就不缺介词,你可以把句子反过来看看通不通顺.反过来就是I like this girl.这个句子是对的,不缺成分,那么它也就不用加介词.
This is the question about which I always think.这句就是think about 这个词组的搭配了.
一般考试会出现的就是live in, think about, hold on 之类的了.
只要你多练习把句子反过来就能够掌握了~
定语从句which的用法 篇3
我们知道，as和which作为关系代词都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句所表达的内容，在从句中作主语或宾语，但它们在用法上有区别，这一点许多学生往往搞不清楚。现就它们引导非限制性定语从句的用法简述如下：
一、相同之处
当从句位于主句之后，引导词指代整个主句所表达的全部意义时，as和which可以互换。如：
The elephant is like a snake,as/which everybody can see.
大家都看得出，这头大象像条蛇。
A big earthquake occurred there last night,as/which was reported on TV.
据电视报道，昨夜那里发生了大地震。
She is from Shanghai,as/which I know from her accent.
她来自上海，那是我从她的口音知道的。
二、不同之处
1、as引导非限制性定语从句时，位置比较灵活，可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之中或之后;而which引导非限制定语从句只能位于主句之后，不能位于主句之前。如：
_______ is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth.
A.It B.As C.That D.Which
答案：B
_______ is mentioned above,the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.
A.Which B.As C.That D.It
答案：B
Air,as we know,is a gas.众所周知，空气是一种气体。
He is very careful,as his work shows.
他的工作表现表明他非常谨慎。
as引导非限制性定语从句常有“如同......那样”的含义，因此在一些固定结构中，如：
as we know;as is known to all(众所周知)
as we all can see(正如我们大家都能看到的那样)
as has been said before/above(正如前面所述)
as has been pointed out(正如所指出的那样)
as might be imagined(可以想象得到)
as might be expected(正如所预料的那样)
as is often the case(情况通常是这样)
以上种种固定搭配，一般不能用which代替as。
2、搭配上，在由the same或such所修饰的名词后通常用as作关系代词引出非限制性定语从句。如：
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
我遇到了与他一样的麻烦。
I've never heard of such a moving story as he is telling.
我从未听过像他讲得那么有趣的故事。
3、which引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句，可以用and this代替，意思是“这件事”;as引导的从句主要起连接上下文的作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处等。如：
He sold his new car,which surprised me.
=He sold his new car,and this serprised me.
Einstein,as we know,is a famous scientist.
我们都知道，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。
As is known to all,Taiwan is part of China.
众所周知，台湾是中国的一部分。
4、当which在从句中指代的是先行词本身而不是主句时，不可用as代替which。如：
The peach tree,which I planted last year,has not borne any fruit.
这棵桃树是我去年种下的，还没有结出任何果实。
The book,which I bought yesterday,is very instructive.
我昨天买的这本书很有教育意义。
5、在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语，也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。如：
He married her,which was nature.(可用as代替which)
他和她结婚了，这是很自然的事。
She met the boy,which delighted her.(不可用as代替which)
她见到了那个男孩，这使得她很高兴。
He failed in the exam again,which made his parents very angry.
他考试有不及格了，这是他父母很生气。
6、as引导的从句在意义上不可与主语相悖，而which引导的从句则不受此限制。
Mum treats me like a baby,which I can't bear.
妈妈把我当小孩看待，这是我不能忍受的。
定语从句which的用法 篇4
1. 当先行词为all, much, little, none及由any, every, some, no所构成的复合不定代词时。
如：
Please tell me anything that you know about the matter.
有关此事，凡是你所知道的请告诉我。
2. 当先行词被any, few, little, no, all, much, some等词修饰时。
如：You can take any seat that is free.
任何空着的座位你都可以坐。
3. 当先行词为序数词或被序数词所修饰时。
如：
This is the fourth film that has been shown in our school this term.
这是我们校本学期放映的第四部电影。
4. 当先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
如：
This is the most interesting story book that I have ever read.
这是我读过的一本最有趣的故事书。
5. 当先行词被the very, the only, the last, the just, the same等修饰时。
如：
The only thing that we could do was to wait.
我们唯一能做的事就是等待。
注意：先行词被the same修饰时，关系代词也可用as。
如：I need the same book that / as you have.
我需要有你一样的书。
6. 当先行词既包含人又包含物时。
如： They are talking of the heroines and their deeds that interest them.
他们正在谈论他们感兴趣的女英雄及她们的事迹。
7. 当先行词是疑问代词who，which，what或主句以这些词开头时。
如：
Who that has ever worked together with him doesn’t admire him?
曾经和他一起工作过的谁不钦佩他？
8. 当先行词为主句表语或关系代词为从句表语时。
如：
Our school is no longer the place that it used to be.
我们的学校现在已不是过去的那个样子了。
9. 先行词为time时，当time表示次数，引导词用that, 可省略。 当表示时间，可用that或when引导，都可省略。
如：
I did't remember the exact time （when/that） I arrived in Shanghai last month.
我不记得上个月到达上海的'确切时间了。
最后，请注意以下几种只能使用which的情况:
1. 在“介词＋关系代词”结构中，关系代词必须用which。
如：
This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking.
这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。
注意： 如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首， which就可换为that，例如：
This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.
这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。
2. 先行词为“those＋表事物的复数名词”时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that。
如：You should grasp well those skills which may be used in the future work.
你应该掌握好这些可以用到未来工作中的技能。
最后，记得这个特殊情况吧：当先行词是表示原因或方式的名词时，可以用that引导定语从句，相当于介词+which，that可以省略。
如：
He didn’t like the way that (=in which) she speaks to his mother.
他不喜欢她对他的母亲那样说话。
Imagine the speed that (=at which) he drives the car.
很难想象，他开车开得那么快。
定语从句which的用法 篇5
Which引导的定语从句在语法和语用功能有利于区别于that引导的定语从句的鲜明特色.
一、语法要点.
①有宽阔的指代范围.不仅可措代主句中某一先行词名词
（A）,还可以指代主句中某些句子成分,如不定式宾补,不定式宾语,动宾结构等
（B）,甚至整个主句
（C）.后两项功能是that所没有的.
（A）The computerwhich(=that) I bought yesterday is home made.
（B）Yesterday I asked him to go to the cinema with me,whichagreed(昨天我要他同我一道去看电影,他同意了).
He wishes to get quick rich without any labour,whichwe think only Wishful thinking (他想不劳而获,迅速致富,我们认为这是想入非非).
（C）The sun heats the earth,Whichis very important to living things(太阳晒热地球,这对于万物是十分重要的).
②非限定性定语从句中,无论主语还是宾语,关系代词用which不用that;即使which作宾语也不省去.
Football,whichis very interesting, is played all over the world.
I never give up learning foreign languages.WhichI fink to de a bridged to the world(我从没有放弃过外语学习,因为我发现外语是通向世界的桥梁).
（比较下一句关系代词作宾语可省去的限定性定语从句.二者在这一点上的区别一目了然：It is the computer (that /which) I bought last week.）
③“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句有一下四点值得注意.
A:当介词前置时,关系代词用which而非that；而且which不省去.
The pencil with he was writing broke.
无The pencil with that he was writing broke;也无The pencil with he was writing broke.
(注：当介词后置于定语从句动词后面,并且从句是定性的,关系代词which, that可互换,能省略.This is the roomwhich/that the great man once worked in.)
B:先行词表示时间,定语从句可用关系副词（when;先行词表示地点,定语从句可用关系副词where:
We’ll never forget the day onwhich(-when )we visited the Great wall.
They went to the village where(-atwhich)the oil well was located定位）.
C：此结构再延伸,出现“名词/代词+of/among+关系代词”的格局,名词又有数量意义,如“许多,一些,大部分,20个等”,则整个短语译作“其中许多；其中一些…”：
On the crowded bus were school children, many of whom were from Beijing.
也可以把名词/代词称到关系代词后面,整个短语的功能不变：
He borrowed from the library novels and magazines, amongwhichsome are in English.
D:此延伸结构若是“名词+介词of+关系代词”的格局,名词无数量意义,则同于whose+名词：
He lives in the house the doors ofwhichface the south,=He lives in the house whose doors face the south.
二、语用功能.
Which定语从句（尤其是非限定性的）主要还是在语用功能上呈现that定语从句所没有的亮点.
①表达主从句因果关系.
A Jew. Albert Einstein had to flee Germany.Whichthen was ruled by Hitler(爱因斯坦只得逃离德国,因为当时的德国是在希特勒的统治之下).
NMET’99：Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancester to the Library Company,____he and his wife considered to be the best home for the diary (Cory Luxmoore（千里迢迢）从英国赶来把祖先的日记交给（费城）图收馆公司,是因为他和妻子认为该图书馆才是此日记最好的归宿处).
②表达主从句目的关系.
The Southern States set up a separate state of their own, inwhichthey would be free to keep Negroes as slaves(南方各州却反叛建立一个独立王国,以便好继续维持奴隶制度).
③表达主从句让步关系.
Einstein, who could have been very rich, cared for little money(爱因斯坦原本可以是非常富有的,但他却不爱钱).
He gave up his cause inwhichhe had been very successful and joined in our project(他的事业尽管干得很出色,他还是放弃了,加入到我们的课题研究中来).
④表达主句动作产生的结果.
Many trucks and buses are jammed at the crossing,whichmade it impossible for us to go to work on time(许多车辆都堵在十字路口,造成我们不能准时上班).
European football is played in 80 countries,whichmakes it the most Popular sport in the world(欧式足球有30个国家在踢,因之成为全世界最流行的一项体育运动).
⑤表示主从句条件关系.
The past experience,whichis not forgotten, is the guide for the future(前事不忘,可为后事之师).
⑥表示主从句时间关系.
He was born on October 1,1949,whichsaw the foundation of the People’s Republic of China(他出身在一九四九年十月一日,恰好是中华人民共和国成立的那一天).
⑦对主句内容作补充说明.
Inspite of his glorious past, he has fallen into the people’s enemy at last,whichis a good lesson for all of us (尽管有着辉煌的过去,他最终还是堕落为人民的敌人,这对我们大家是个很好的教训).
The sentence was announced on Nov. 8 following trials,whichstarted in Sept.(审判于九月开始.多次审判后,判刑才于十一月八日宣布).
⑧用于主从句对比关系.
He idled away his youthwhichhe should have spent in leaning(他的青春年华本应用于增长才干,而他却虚度过去了).
⑨用于表示世界上独一无二的人或事物；或当事人认为是独一无二的事物.
China,whichhas a 5000_year_old civilization, is now taking a new Look(已有5千年文明的中国现在正呈现新面貌).
All the books here,whichhave beautiful pictures in them, were written by him(这里所有的书都是他写的,里面都有精美的插画).
（比较：All the books here that have beautiful pictures in them were written by him (这里所有有着漂亮插画书是他写的__这里不仅关系词要换成that,而且还暗示着有虽的书)）.
⑩表示与主句或先行词的同位关系.
The speed of sound in air at ordinary temperature is about 1,100 feet per second,whichis about 700 miles per hour(常温下声在空气中的速度是大约每秒1,100英尺,即大约是小时传播700英里远.)
