初中英语基础语法7 连词/被动语态/宾语从句
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一、连词
1.考查要点:对连词的考查主要是对并列连词和从属连词基本用法的考查。
2.考纲要求:掌握并列连词(如:and、but、or)和从属连词(如:when、if、that等)的基本用法。
3.复习提示:
首先是对自己掌握不好的连词适当练习,尤其需要注意的是,一定要认真审题,分析四个选项,确定选项后再将其代入题干中看句意是否正确。并且除了选择题,在其他题型中例如:完形、完成句子、书面表达等也会涉及连词的用法。
其次,注意一些成对使用的连词。如:neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also, so…that, not…until等。但是在not…until中,需要注意:如果用在until前的动词是可延续性动词,则不加not。另外,需要注意,一些在汉语中成对使用的连词如:因为…所以,虽然…但是,在英语中是不可以成对出现的,即ecause和so不连用,although和but不连用。
4.易错分析:
①关于not…until
He stayed there until it was very late.
句中,stay是可延续性动词,所以不用not。
He didn't leave until it was very late.
句中,leave是不可延续性动词,所以用not
②because, so;although, but
上面已经提到,because和so及although和but不连用。
例如:
Because he was late, he didn't catch the first bus.
一定不可以说
Because he was late, so he didn't catch the first bus.
③or还是and
祈使句+or+陈述句前后是对立的
祈使句+and+陈述句前后是统一的
(or或and后的陈述句,常用一般将来时)
Study hard, or you won't pass the exam.
Study hard, and you will pass the exam.
两句都可以转换成“If条件句+主句”形式,注意:要去掉or和and:
If you don't study hard, you won't pass the exam.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
④because, since, as, for表示原因时的区别
尽管because, for, since, as都表示原因,但是用法上有不同.
because通常表示说话人认为这种理由或者原因是听话人所不知道的.
如:
He didn't attend the meeting because he had too much work to do.
since表示的原因是人们已知的事实,常译作“既然”。
如:
Since he can't answer this question, you'd better ask someone else.
as表示原因与since差别不大,只是语气更弱,多译为“由于”
如:
As I haven't seen the film, I can't tell you what I think of it.
for表示因果关系时,只能放在主句之后,不能放在句首。而且经常是对主句补充说明理由或推断原因。
如:
It rained last night, for the ground is wet.
⑤ as, when, while
when意思是“在……时刻或时期”,它可以兼指“时间点”与“时间段”,从句的动词既可以是可延续性动词也可以是不可延续性动词。
如:
When I got home, he was having supper.
When I was young, I liked dancing.
as意思是“边……边……”或“与……同时”,重在表示动作同时发生伴随进行。
如:
They talked as they walked.
while只指“时间段”,不指“时间点”,从句的动词只限于延续性动词。
如:
While I slept a thief broke in.
二、被动语态
1.考查要点:一般现在时,一般过去时以及一般现在时带有情态动词的被动语态的用法。
2.考纲要求:掌握被动语态的构成和一般现在时,一般过去时以及一般现在时带有情态动词的被动语态的用法。
3.答题要点:被动语态的句子是由助动词be+动词的过去分词这一形式构成的。过去分词永远不变,所有的变化即人称,数,时态的变化,都体现在助动词be的变化上。如果助动词be的变化掌握得好,被动语态就很容易掌握。
4.注意事项:
①在没有必要指出动作的执行者时,“by+动词执行者”可以省略。
We grow tea in South China.
Tea is grown (by us) in South China.
②不知道动作的执行者是谁,使用被动语态比较适宜。
A child was kidnapped last night.昨天晚上一个小孩被诱拐了。
The letters have been taken away.信已经被人那走了。
③用于被动语态的短语动词不可丢掉动词后面的介词或副词。
④带双宾语的动词变为被动语态时,常有两种方法:
把主动语态的直接宾语变为被动语态的主语,间接宾语前通常加介词to,有时加for。
把主动语态的间接宾语变为被动语态的主语,直接宾语不变。
例如:Mr Li gave me an interesting book yesterday.李老师昨天给了我一本有趣的书。
→An interesting book was given to me (by Mr Li) yesterday.
→I was given an interesting book (by Mr Li) yesterday.
⑤用于被动结构的短语动词不可丢掉动词后面的介词或副词。
例如:My sister looks after me at home every day.
→I am looked after by my sister at home every day.
⑥带有复合宾语的动词变被动语态时,只需把宾语变为被动结构的主语,原来的宾语补足语留在原处不动。
例如:My little sister asked me to read this story for her.
→I was asked to read this story(by my little sister).
1.考查要点:对连词的考查主要是对并列连词和从属连词基本用法的考查。
2.考纲要求:掌握并列连词(如:and、but、or)和从属连词(如:when、if、that等)的基本用法。
3.复习提示:
首先是对自己掌握不好的连词适当练习,尤其需要注意的是,一定要认真审题,分析四个选项,确定选项后再将其代入题干中看句意是否正确。并且除了选择题,在其他题型中例如:完形、完成句子、书面表达等也会涉及连词的用法。
其次,注意一些成对使用的连词。如:neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also, so…that, not…until等。但是在not…until中,需要注意:如果用在until前的动词是可延续性动词,则不加not。另外,需要注意,一些在汉语中成对使用的连词如:因为…所以,虽然…但是,在英语中是不可以成对出现的,即ecause和so不连用,although和but不连用。
4.易错分析:
①关于not…until
He stayed there until it was very late.
句中,stay是可延续性动词,所以不用not。
He didn't leave until it was very late.
句中,leave是不可延续性动词,所以用not
②because, so;although, but
上面已经提到,because和so及although和but不连用。
例如:
Because he was late, he didn't catch the first bus.
一定不可以说
Because he was late, so he didn't catch the first bus.
③or还是and
祈使句+or+陈述句前后是对立的
祈使句+and+陈述句前后是统一的
(or或and后的陈述句,常用一般将来时)
Study hard, or you won't pass the exam.
Study hard, and you will pass the exam.
两句都可以转换成“If条件句+主句”形式,注意:要去掉or和and:
If you don't study hard, you won't pass the exam.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
④because, since, as, for表示原因时的区别
尽管because, for, since, as都表示原因,但是用法上有不同.
because通常表示说话人认为这种理由或者原因是听话人所不知道的.
如:
He didn't attend the meeting because he had too much work to do.
since表示的原因是人们已知的事实,常译作“既然”。
如:
Since he can't answer this question, you'd better ask someone else.
as表示原因与since差别不大,只是语气更弱,多译为“由于”
如:
As I haven't seen the film, I can't tell you what I think of it.
for表示因果关系时,只能放在主句之后,不能放在句首。而且经常是对主句补充说明理由或推断原因。
如:
It rained last night, for the ground is wet.
⑤ as, when, while
when意思是“在……时刻或时期”,它可以兼指“时间点”与“时间段”,从句的动词既可以是可延续性动词也可以是不可延续性动词。
如:
When I got home, he was having supper.
When I was young, I liked dancing.
as意思是“边……边……”或“与……同时”,重在表示动作同时发生伴随进行。
如:
They talked as they walked.
while只指“时间段”,不指“时间点”,从句的动词只限于延续性动词。
如:
While I slept a thief broke in.
二、被动语态
1.考查要点:一般现在时,一般过去时以及一般现在时带有情态动词的被动语态的用法。
2.考纲要求:掌握被动语态的构成和一般现在时,一般过去时以及一般现在时带有情态动词的被动语态的用法。
3.答题要点:被动语态的句子是由助动词be+动词的过去分词这一形式构成的。过去分词永远不变,所有的变化即人称,数,时态的变化,都体现在助动词be的变化上。如果助动词be的变化掌握得好,被动语态就很容易掌握。
4.注意事项:
①在没有必要指出动作的执行者时,“by+动词执行者”可以省略。
We grow tea in South China.
Tea is grown (by us) in South China.
②不知道动作的执行者是谁,使用被动语态比较适宜。
A child was kidnapped last night.昨天晚上一个小孩被诱拐了。
The letters have been taken away.信已经被人那走了。
③用于被动语态的短语动词不可丢掉动词后面的介词或副词。
④带双宾语的动词变为被动语态时,常有两种方法:
把主动语态的直接宾语变为被动语态的主语,间接宾语前通常加介词to,有时加for。
把主动语态的间接宾语变为被动语态的主语,直接宾语不变。
例如:Mr Li gave me an interesting book yesterday.李老师昨天给了我一本有趣的书。
→An interesting book was given to me (by Mr Li) yesterday.
→I was given an interesting book (by Mr Li) yesterday.
⑤用于被动结构的短语动词不可丢掉动词后面的介词或副词。
例如:My sister looks after me at home every day.
→I am looked after by my sister at home every day.
⑥带有复合宾语的动词变被动语态时,只需把宾语变为被动结构的主语,原来的宾语补足语留在原处不动。
例如:My little sister asked me to read this story for her.
→I was asked to read this story(by my little sister).
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