Question

急求翻译！！谢谢。�

摘 要：幽默的产生和发展与语言本身的内在规律和语境相关。语言学家对幽默进行了不同角度的研究，其中格莱斯提出的合作原则对幽默的解释有独到之处。在合作原则理论指导下，通过分析具体英语会话例子，探讨幽默产生的原因，从而达到更深层次理解和欣赏幽默的目的。�
关键词：英语会话；合作原则；幽默�

幽默是一种言语的艺术，它为我们的生活增添了很多乐趣。英语幽默的产生就是幽默会话含义的产生过程。在幽默会话中，往往会出现交际双方的一方违反合作原则的某条准则，导致说话人的主观意图与客观效果或听话人的理解不一致，从而产生了幽默。�
1 合作原则�
为了使会话能够畅通无阻，意义连贯， 美国哲学家格莱斯认为所谓连贯的语篇是“语篇解释者通过对各个句子之间的关系，以及与次要目标相联系的各个具体关系做出推论，这些次要目标存在于为整个理解过程所需的被推论的意图之中”。他把这叫做会话双方必须遵循的“合作原则”。格莱斯在《Logic and Conversation》一文中认为人们在谈话中遵守的合作原则包括四个范畴，每个范畴又包括一条准则和一些次准则。�
A.数量准则：�
a)使所说的话正好满足当前交谈所需要的信息。�
b)所说的话不要多于需要的信息。�
B.质量准则：�
所说的话要力求真实。�
a)不要说自知是虚假的话。�
b)不要说缺乏足够证据的话。�
C.关联准则：要有关联。�
D.方式准则：要清晰。�
a)避免晦涩。�
b)避免歧义。�
c)要简练。�
d)要有序。（胡壮麟，2002）�
如果在交际中人们能遵循以上四条准则，那么交际能以最有效地方式进行。格赖斯发现：在实际交际中，人们并不总是都遵守这些准则的，有时出于需要人们会故意违反合作原则。说话者之所以采用这种看似违反合作原则的做法是为了加强交际效果。其幽默之处就在于通过这种表面上违反合作原则的做法，使对话听起来似乎毫无意义相关，但这些表面意义上不相关的对话却包含了弦外之音，此时幽默也就产生了。下面将通过具体英语会话来解释由于违反合作原则中某一条具体准则而引发的幽默。�
2 英语会话幽默的产生�
2.1 违反量的准则�
量的准则要求说话者给出的信息既不能信息不足，也不能比需要的多。信息缺失会产生歧义或者造成语义模糊，信息量过多同样也会表达一些言外之意。以下这个例子就是信息量过多造成的幽默。�
例：When my son Stephen was a high-school sophomore， he got a part-time job sacking groceries at a supermarket. He came home all smiles. �
“How was your first day?” I asked. �
“It was great， Dad，” he replied. “I got to talk to some good-looking girls.” �
Since Stephen is not very talkative， I asked， “What did you say to them?” �
“Do you prefer paper or plastic?” He answered.�
此例中，Stephen只要回答好或不好就行了，可他还提供了更多的信息，这就会让爸爸误以为这对于不善言辞的Stephen来说的确是个不小的进步，当他爸爸问他和那些女孩子聊了些什么时，Stephen的回答却出乎意料，正是Stephen提供了多余信息造成了幽默效果。

Answer 1

　　Abstract: Humor and development of language itself and the internal laws of the relevant context. Linguists had different perspectives on humor research, which Gricean principle of cooperation put forward by the interpretation of the unique humor. Theoretical guidance in the principles of cooperation, through the analysis of specific examples of English conversation to explore the causes of humor, so as to achieve a deeper understanding and appreciation of the purpose of humor. �
　　Keywords: English conversation; cooperative principle; humor �

　　Humor is a language of art, it adds to our lives a lot of fun. English Humor is humor, the meaning of the production process of the session. In the humorous conversation, often appear both communication party violate the cooperative principle of a certain criteria, resulting in the speaker's subjective intentions and objective effects or the listener's understanding of inconsistency, resulting in a sense of humor. �
　　A principle of cooperation �
　　To make conversation flow in, meaning coherence, American philosopher Grice that the so-called coherent discourse is "the interpreter through discourse between the various sentences, and linked with the secondary goal to make all the specific relationship inference, these secondary objectives present in the whole process of understanding is required among the inference of intent. " He called this session the two sides must follow the "principle of cooperation." Grice in "Logic and Conversation" in an article that people talk to comply with the principles of cooperation, including the four areas, each area also includes a number of times the criteria and guidelines. �
　　A. number of criteria: �
　　a) make remarks just to meet the current information needed to talk. �
　　b) not more than words needed information. �
　　B. Quality Guidelines: �
　　Words to seek truth. �
　　a) Do not say it knew to be false. �
　　b) Do not say if the lack of sufficient evidence. �
　　C. Relevance criteria: be associated. �
　　D. means criteria: be clear. �
　　a) avoid obscurity. �
　　b) to avoid ambiguity. �
　　c) be concise. �
　　d) be orderly. (HU Zhuang-lin, 2002) �
　　If the communication that people can follow the above four criteria, then the communication in the most effective manner. Grice was found: in the actual communication, people do not always comply with these guidelines, and sometimes out of necessity, people will intentionally violate the principle of cooperation. The reason why the speaker seems to violate the cooperative principle of using this approach is to enhance communication effectiveness. The humor in the fact that the surface through which the practice of violating the principle of cooperation, it seems pointless to make the dialogue sound related, but not related to the surface meaning of the dialogue is included between the lines, this time also had a sense of humor. The following will explain the specific English conversation as a violation of the principle of cooperation in certain specific criteria trigger humor. �
　　2 English Conversation Humor �
　　Violation of the guidelines amount � 2.1
　　Standards require that the amount of information the speaker can not give enough information, nor more than necessary. Ambiguous or missing information will result in semantic ambiguity, information overload will express the same implication. Following this example is caused by excessive amount of information and humor. �
　　Cases: When my son Stephen was a high-school sophomore, he got a part-time job sacking groceries at a supermarket. He came home all smiles. �
　　"How was your first day?" I asked. �
　　"It was great, Dad," he replied. "I got to talk to some good-looking girls." �
　　Since Stephen is not very talkative, I asked, "What did you say to them?" �
　　"Do you prefer paper or plastic?" He answered. �
　　This case, Stephen Just answer a good or not Haojiu Xing, but he also provided additional information, which will make my father thinking that it is indeed for the talkative, Stephen is a big step forward, when his father Dad talked to him and what those girls when, Stephen's answer was unexpected, it is redundant information provided Stephen created humorous effects.

Answer 2

Telephone,
television,
radio,
and
telegraph
all
help
people
communicate
with
each
other.
电话，电视，收音机，电报都在帮助人们彼此联系。
Because
of
these
devices,
ideas
and
news
of
events
spread
quickly
all
over
the
world.
借助这些设备和想法，信息在世界传播的更快。
For
example,
within
seconds,
people
can
know
the
results
of
an
election
in
another
country.
比如，几秒钟之内，一场竞选的结果就能从一个国家传到另一个国家。
An
international
football
match
comes
into
the
homes
of
everyone
with
a
television
set.
每个人在家里都可以通过电视收看到一场国际赛事。
News
of
a
disaster
such
as
an
earthquake
or
a
flood
can
bring
help
from
distant
countries
within
hours,
help
is
on
the
way.
像地震，洪水这样的遭难，可以尽早的传达到其他国家，他们能提供帮助。
Because
of
modern
technology
like
the
satellites
that
travel
around
the
world,
information
travels
fast.
由于卫星这样现代设备的帮助，信息能传播的更快。
How
has
this
speed
of
communication
changed
the
world?
信息传播速度是如何改变世界的?
To
many
people,the
world
has
become
smaller.
对于大多数人来说，世界变小了。
Of
course
this
does
not
mean
that
the
world
is
actually
physically
smaller.
当然，这并不是说世界实质上变小了。
It
means
that
the
world
seems
smaller.
只是看起来小些
Two
hundred
years
ago,communication
between
the
continents
took
a
long
time.
2百年前，洲际交流总是要花很长时间。
All
news
was
carried
on
ships
that
took
weeks
or
even
months
to
cross
the
ocean.
信息必须由船运花上几个人才能带到。
In
the
seventeenth
and
eighteenth
centuries,it
took
six
weeks
for
news
from
Europe
to
reach
America
在17，18世界，信息从欧洲带到美洲要6个礼拜。
.This
time
difference
influenced
people's
actions.
这种时差影响着人们的行动。
For
example,
one
battle,
or
fight,
in
the
War
of
1812
between
England
and
the
United
States
could
have
been
avoided.
比如，1812年英国和美国本应该避免的战争。
A
peace
agreement
had
already
been
signed.
Peace
was
made
in
England,
but
the
news
of
peace
took
six
weeks
to
reach
America.
一个和平条约本已签订。由英国制定，但是花了6个礼拜才传到美国。
During
these
six
weeks,
the
large
and
serious
Battle
of
New
Orleans
was
fought.
在这6个礼拜里，新奥尔良战役就已经打响了。
Many
people
lost
their
lives
after
a
peace
treaty
had
been
signed.
虽然和平协议已经签订，但很多人还是失去了生命。
They
would
not
have
died
if
news
had
come
in
time.
如果信息传播够及时，他们就不会为此牺牲。
In
the
past,communication
took
much
time
than
it
does
now.?
过去交流所花时间比现在要花的多。
There
was
a
good
reason
why
the
world
seemed
so
much
larger
than
it
does
today
这就是为什么过去世界看起来比现在要大了。

Answer 3

Humor and development of language itself and the internal laws of the relevant context. Linguists had different perspectives on humor research, which Gricean principle of cooperation put forward by the interpretation of the unique humor. Theoretical guidance in the principles of cooperation, through the analysis of specific examples of English conversation to explore the causes of humor, so as to achieve a deeper understanding and appreciation of the purpose of humor. �
Keywords: English conversation; cooperative principle; humor �

Humor is a language of art, it adds to our lives a lot of fun. English Humor is humor, the meaning of the production process of the session. In the humorous conversation, often appear both communication party violate the cooperative principle of a certain criteria, resulting in the speaker's subjective intentions and objective effects or the listener's understanding of inconsistency, resulting in a sense of humor. �
A principle of cooperation �
To make conversation flow in, meaning coherence, American philosopher Grice that the so-called coherent discourse is "the interpreter through discourse between the various sentences, and linked with the secondary goal to make all the specific relationship inference, these secondary objectives present in the whole process of understanding is required among the inference of intent. " He called this session the two sides must follow the "principle of cooperation." Grice in "Logic and Conversation" in an article that people talk to comply with the principles of cooperation, including the four areas, each area also includes a number of times the criteria and guidelines. �
A. number of criteria: �
a) make remarks just to meet the current information needed to talk. �
b) not more than words needed information. �
B. Quality Guidelines: �
Words to seek truth. �
a) Do not say it knew to be false. �
b) Do not say if the lack of sufficient evidence. �
C. Relevance criteria: be associated. �
D. means criteria: be clear. �
a) avoid obscurity. �
b) to avoid ambiguity. �
c) be concise. �
d) be orderly. (HU Zhuang-lin, 2002) �
If the communication that people can follow the above four criteria, then the communication in the most effective manner. Grice was found: in the actual communication, people do not always comply with these guidelines, and sometimes out of necessity, people will intentionally violate the principle of cooperation. The reason why the speaker seems to violate the cooperative principle of using this approach is to enhance communication effectiveness. The humor in the fact that the surface through which the practice of violating the principle of cooperation, it seems pointless to make the dialogue sound related, but not related to the surface meaning of the dialogue is included between the lines, this time also had a sense of humor. The following will explain the specific English conversation as a violation of the principle of cooperation in certain specific criteria trigger humor. �
2 English Conversation Humor �
Violation of the guidelines amount � 2.1
Standards require that the amount of information the speaker can not give enough information, nor more than necessary. Ambiguous or missing information will result in semantic ambiguity, information overload will express the same implication. Following this example is caused by excessive amount of information and humor.

Answer 4

Humor to pick the emergence and development of language itself with the inherent laws and context. Linguists for humor studies on different angles, including grice's cooperative principle of humor is explained. Under the guidance of the principle of cooperation in theory, through the analysis of the concrete examples, this paper discusses conversational English humor causes, thus achieve deeper understanding and appreciating humour. after
Keywords: English conversation, Cooperation principle, Humor after

Humor is a verbal art, it is our life a lot of fun. English humor humor conversational implicature produced is the production process. In humorous conversation, often appear communication both side of the violation of the cooperative principle, resulting in a rule to the subjective intentions and objective understanding of the effect or listen to people, thus produce humor. after
1 after cooperation principle
In order to make conversation can unimpeded, significance and coherent, American philosopher grice discourse coherence of the so-called "text interpretation through the relationship between each sentence, and the secondary objectives of each relationship, these secondary targets making inferences exists for the whole process of reasoning required by the intent". He called it a conversation between the "cooperation principle must be followed. In the Logic grice Conversation. "think people talking with the cooperative principle includes four categories, each category includes a criterion and some times. after
A number of criteria: after
A) to meet the right words to the needed information. after
B) words don't need more information. after
B. quality criteria: after
Try to be true words. after
A) do not say false words is self-knowledge. after
B) don't say lack of sufficient evidence. after
C: correlation rule). after
D. way to clear criteria:. after
A) to avoid obscure. after
B) to avoid ambiguity. after
C) to succinct. after
D) to order. HuZhuangLin (2002), after
If people can follow in communication, communication above four criteria can most effectively. Glen rice found in actual intercourse, and people are not always abide by these standards, sometimes need for people intentionally violates the principle of cooperation. The speaker was adopted this seemingly violation of the cooperative principle is to strengthen the communication effect. The humor is through the surface of violation of the cooperative principle and make dialogues sounded seems pointless, but these surface meaning not related to the dialogue, but contains the implication and humor. Below will through specific conversational English due to violation of the cooperative principle to explain in a specific standards of humor. after
2 generate conversational English humor after
Violation of the rule is 2.1 after
The amount of code the speaker is insufficient information, information can also cannot than is needed. Scarcity of information will produce ambiguity or cause semantic fuzziness information, too, may also express some implication. Following the example is caused by excessive amount of humor. after

Answer 5

summary
china
football
super
league
run
so
far
there
are
many
problems,
identify
their
underlying
causes
is
the
professional
league
institutionalization,
standardization,
and
procedures
of
the
lower
level,
there
are
no
laws,
that
the
law
is
difficult
to
depend
on
the
phenomenon,
and
the
lack
of
supporting
operational
law
regulations,
judicial
intervention
is
difficult.
therefore,
in
order
to
improve
our
football
league
legal
restraint
mechanism,
it
is
necessary
for
the
professional
league
which
the
"black
whistle"
problem
gambling
issues
in-depth
analysis
of
the
nature
of
their
acts,
sort
out
the
legal
terms
for
breaching
the
proposed
treatment
recommendations.
keywords
china
football
super
league
legally
binding
"black
whistle"
gambling
criminal
law