文中的by which是什么用法?
by which用法：定语在定语从句中要充当宾语的成分
【翻译】其他一些人认为所有的文凭是衡量一个人能力的重要标准。
【解析】之所有用by which，是因为定语在定语从句中要充当宾语的成分。可以把句子拆开理解。
by which通过哪些
双语例句
1、She had never had a real boyfriend before and so had no yardstick by which to compare Charles's behaviour
她以前从没有过真正的男朋友，所以没有可参照的标准来对比查尔斯的行为。
2、There has been no yardstick by which potential students can assess individual schools before signing up for a course.
有意就读的学生在报名参加一门课程前没有任何参照标准去衡量各个学校的水平。
扩展资料：
by which 与in which 的用法
如果先行词是指时间的话，by which time 与in which 的用法区别如下：
(1) by which time 意思是“（到）那时”“（到）这时”，通常是指到某个时间点，即它的先行词通常应是时间点。如：
We arrived at noon, by which time the demonstration was over. 我们是中午到的，这时游行业已结束。
He came back eight months later, by which time the Japanese had decided to say yes. 八个月后他回来了，而当时日本人已经决定同意。
(2) in which 意思是“在此期间”，即它的先行词应该是时间段。如：
Galileo's ideas were well in advance of the age in which he lived. 伽利略的思想远远超越了他所生活的时代。
You have 14 days in which you can cancel the contract and get your money back. 你可在14天之内取消合同，收回钱款。
参考资料来源：百度翻译-by which
