Question

麻烦帮忙翻译一下谢谢

In the North American colonies, red ware, a simple pottery fired at low temperatures, and stone ware, a strong, impervious grey pottery fired at high temperatures, were produced from two different native clays. These kinds of pottery were produced to supplement imported European pottery. When the American Revolution (1775-1783) interrupted the flow of the superior European ware, there was incentive for American potters to replace the imports with comparable domestic goods. Stoneware, which had been simple, utilitarian kitchenware, grew increasingly ornate throughout the nineteenth century, and in addition to the earlier scratched and drawn designs, three-dimensional molded relief decoration became popular. Representational motifs largely replaced the earlier abstract decorations. Birds and flowers were particularly evident, but other subjects ?a lions, flags, and clipper ships ?a are found. Some figurines, mainly of dogs and lions, were made in this medium. Sometimes a name, usually that of the potter, was die-stamped onto a piece.

　　As more and more large kilns were built to create the high-fired stoneware, experiments revealed that the same clay used to produce low-fired red ware could produce a stronger, paler pottery if fired at a hotter temperature. The result was yellow ware, used largely for serviceable items; but a further development was Rockingham ware ?a one of the most important American ceramics of the nineteenth century. (The name of the ware was probably derived from its resemblance to English brown-glazed earthenware made in South Yorkshire.) It was created by adding a brown glaze to the fired clay, usually giving the finished product a mottled appearance. Various methods of spattering or sponging the glaze onto the ware account for the extremely wide variations in color and add to the interest of collecting Rockingham. An advanced form of Rockingham was flint enamel, created by dusting metallic powders onto the Rockingham glaze to produce brilliant varicolored streaks.

　　Articles for nearly every household activity and ornament could be bought in Rockingham ware: dishes and bowls, of course; also bedpans, foot warmers, cuspidors, lamp bases, doorknobs, molds, picture frames, even curtain tiebacks. All these items are highly collectible today and are eagerly sought. A few Rockingham specialties command particular affection among collectors and correspondingly high prices.

Answer 1

在北美殖民地，红色陶器，一个简单的陶器烧制在低温下，和石头，一个强大的，不透水的灰色陶器在高温下烧制，从两个不同的天然粘土生产。这些陶器是为了补充欧洲进口的陶器而生产的.。当美国独立战争（1775-1783）了欧洲高档洁具的流动，有美国陶艺家与国内同类产品替代进口的激励。石器，这很简单，实用的厨房用具，越来越华丽的整整第十九个世纪，除了早期的划伤和画出图案，立体模压浮雕装饰走红。代表性图案在很大程度上取代了早期的抽象装饰。鸟类和花卉特别明显，但其他科目？一个狮子，旗帜，和帆船航行？一个被发现。一些雕像，主要是狗和狮子，在介质。有时，一个名字，通常是陶工，死在一块。
随着越来越多的大型窑建成创造高温焙烧的陶器，实验表明，用于生产低发射红色器皿相同的粘土可以产生更强的，苍白的如果在一个炎热的温度烧制陶器。结果是黄色制品，主要用于维修的项目；但进一步发展Rockingham陶瓷？第十九世纪最重要的美国陶瓷一一。（这个软件的名字很可能是来自于其与英语褐釉在南约克郡。陶器）是通过添加一个褐色釉的烧制粘土创造，往往给成品斑驳的外观。飞溅或喷雾的釉上彩瓷器中占了非常广泛的变化的各种方法和添加到收集Rockingham的兴趣。Rockingham的一种高级形式是弗林特搪瓷，喷粉金属粉末到Rockingham琉璃生产的辉煌创造杂色条纹。
文章几乎每一个家庭活动和装饰可以在Rockingham洁具买了碗碟，当然；也暖脚器、便盆、痰盂、灯座、门把手、模具、相框、甚至窗帘。今天，所有这些项目都极具收藏和热切追捧。一些Rockingham特产命令特别喜爱的收藏家和相应的高价格。