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Beethoven (Ludwig van, 1770-1827, German composer. The greatest composer of his day, he began to lose his hearing in 1801 and was deaf by 1819. His music, which formed a transition from classical to romantic composition, includes 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, a violin concerto, 32 piano sonatas, several other sonatas, 2 Masses, and an opera.)
路德维希•凡•贝多芬（Ludwig van Beethoven，(1770.12.17-1827.3.26），德国最伟大的音乐家、钢琴家，维也纳古典乐派代表人物之一也是最后一位，与海顿、莫扎特一起被后人称为“维也纳三杰”。祖籍荷兰（亦说波兰），出身科隆选侯宫廷歌手世家。他出生于德国波恩的平民家庭，自幼跟从父亲学音乐。很早就显露了音乐才能，八岁开始登台演出。1792年到维也纳深造，艺术上进步飞快。贝多芬信仰共和，崇尚英雄，创作了有大量充满时代气息的优秀作品，如：交响曲《英雄》、《命运》；序曲《哀格蒙特》；钢琴奏鸣曲《悲怆》、《月光曲》、《暴风雨》、《热情》等等。一生坎坷，没有建立家庭。二十六岁时开始耳聋，晚年全聋，只能通过谈话册与人交谈。但孤寂的生活并没有使他沉默和隐退，在一切进步思想都遭禁止的封建复辟年代里，依然坚守“自由、平等、博爱”的政治信念，通过言论和作品，为共和理想奋臂呐喊，反映了当时资产阶级反封建、争民主的革命热情，写下不朽名作《第九交响曲》。他的作品受十八世纪启蒙运动和德国狂飙突进运动的影响，个性鲜明，较前人有了很大的发展。在音乐表现上，他几乎涉及当时所有的音乐体裁；大大提高了钢琴的表现力，使之获得交响性的戏剧效果；又使交响曲成为直接反映社会变革的重要音乐形式。贝多芬集古典音乐的大成，同时开辟了浪漫时期音乐的道路，对世界音乐的发展有着举足轻重的作用，为人类留下了无价的音乐宝藏，因此，世人尊称他为“乐圣”。主要作品有交响曲九部（以第三《英雄》、第五《命运》、第六《田园》、第九《合唱》最为著名），歌剧《费黛里奥》等等。
路德维希•凡•贝多芬（Ludwig van Beethoven，(1770.12.17-1827.3.26），德国最伟大的音乐家、钢琴家，维也纳古典乐派代表人物之一也是最后一位，与海顿、莫扎特一起被后人称为“维也纳三杰”。祖籍荷兰（亦说波兰），出身科隆选侯宫廷歌手世家。他出生于德国波恩的平民家庭，自幼跟从父亲学音乐。很早就显露了音乐才能，八岁开始登台演出。1792年到维也纳深造，艺术上进步飞快。贝多芬信仰共和，崇尚英雄，创作了有大量充满时代气息的优秀作品，如：交响曲《英雄》、《命运》；序曲《哀格蒙特》；钢琴奏鸣曲《悲怆》、《月光曲》、《暴风雨》、《热情》等等。一生坎坷，没有建立家庭。二十六岁时开始耳聋，晚年全聋，只能通过谈话册与人交谈。但孤寂的生活并没有使他沉默和隐退，在一切进步思想都遭禁止的封建复辟年代里，依然坚守“自由、平等、博爱”的政治信念，通过言论和作品，为共和理想奋臂呐喊，反映了当时资产阶级反封建、争民主的革命热情，写下不朽名作《第九交响曲》。他的作品受十八世纪启蒙运动和德国狂飙突进运动的影响，个性鲜明，较前人有了很大的发展。在音乐表现上，他几乎涉及当时所有的音乐体裁；大大提高了钢琴的表现力，使之获得交响性的戏剧效果；又使交响曲成为直接反映社会变革的重要音乐形式。贝多芬集古典音乐的大成，同时开辟了浪漫时期音乐的道路，对世界音乐的发展有着举足轻重的作用，为人类留下了无价的音乐宝藏，因此，世人尊称他为“乐圣”。主要作品有交响曲九部（以第三《英雄》、第五《命运》、第六《田园》、第九《合唱》最为著名），歌剧《费黛里奥》等等。
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Beethoven is acknowledged as one of the giants of classical music; occasionally he is referred to as one of the "three Bs" (along with Bach and Brahms) who epitomize that tradition. He was also a pivotal figure in the transition from 18th century musical classicism to 19th century romanticism, and his influence on subsequent generations of composers was profound.
Beethoven composed in several musical genres, and for a variety of instrument combinations. His works for symphony orchestra include nine symphonies (the Ninth Symphony includes a chorus), and about a dozen pieces of "occasional" music. He wrote nine concerti for one or more soloists and orchestra, as well as four shorter works that include soloists accompanied by orchestra. His only opera is Fidelio; other vocal works with orchestral accompaniment include two masses and a number of shorter works.
His large body of compositions for piano includes 32 piano sonatas and numerous shorter pieces, including arrangements of some of his other works. Works with piano accompaniment include 10 violin sonatas, 5 cello sonatas, and a sonata for French horn, as well as numerous lieder.
Beethoven also wrote a significant quantity of chamber music. In addition to 16 string quartets, he wrote five works for string quintet, seven for piano trio, five for string trio, and more than a dozen works for a variety of combinations of wind instruments.
The three periods
Beethoven's compositional career is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods. In this scheme, his early period is taken to last until about 1802, the middle period from about 1803 to about 1814, and the late period from about 1815.
In his Early period, Beethoven's work was strongly influenced by his predecessors Haydn and Mozart. He also explored new directions and gradually expanded the scope and ambition of his work. Some important pieces from the Early period are the first and second symphonies, the set of six string quartets Opus 18, the first two piano concertos, and the first dozen or so piano sonatas, including the famous Pathétique sonata, Op. 13.
His Middle (Heroic) period began shortly after Beethoven's personal crisis brought on by his recognition of encroaching deafness. It includes large-scale works that express heroism and struggle. Middle-period works include six symphonies (Nos. 3–8), the last three piano concertos, the Triple Concerto and violin concerto, five string quartets (Nos. 7–11), several piano sonatas (including the Moonlight, Waldstein and Appassionata sonatas), the Kreutzer violin sonata and Beethoven's only opera, Fidelio.
Beethoven's Late period began around 1815. Works from this period are characterized by their intellectual depth, their formal innovations, and their intense, highly personal expression. The String Quartet, Op. 131 has seven linked movements, and the Ninth Symphony adds choral forces to the orchestra in the last movement. Other compositions from this period include the Missa Solemnis, the last five string quartets (including the massive Große Fuge) and the last five piano sonatas.
Beethoven composed in several musical genres, and for a variety of instrument combinations. His works for symphony orchestra include nine symphonies (the Ninth Symphony includes a chorus), and about a dozen pieces of "occasional" music. He wrote nine concerti for one or more soloists and orchestra, as well as four shorter works that include soloists accompanied by orchestra. His only opera is Fidelio; other vocal works with orchestral accompaniment include two masses and a number of shorter works.
His large body of compositions for piano includes 32 piano sonatas and numerous shorter pieces, including arrangements of some of his other works. Works with piano accompaniment include 10 violin sonatas, 5 cello sonatas, and a sonata for French horn, as well as numerous lieder.
Beethoven also wrote a significant quantity of chamber music. In addition to 16 string quartets, he wrote five works for string quintet, seven for piano trio, five for string trio, and more than a dozen works for a variety of combinations of wind instruments.
The three periods
Beethoven's compositional career is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods. In this scheme, his early period is taken to last until about 1802, the middle period from about 1803 to about 1814, and the late period from about 1815.
In his Early period, Beethoven's work was strongly influenced by his predecessors Haydn and Mozart. He also explored new directions and gradually expanded the scope and ambition of his work. Some important pieces from the Early period are the first and second symphonies, the set of six string quartets Opus 18, the first two piano concertos, and the first dozen or so piano sonatas, including the famous Pathétique sonata, Op. 13.
His Middle (Heroic) period began shortly after Beethoven's personal crisis brought on by his recognition of encroaching deafness. It includes large-scale works that express heroism and struggle. Middle-period works include six symphonies (Nos. 3–8), the last three piano concertos, the Triple Concerto and violin concerto, five string quartets (Nos. 7–11), several piano sonatas (including the Moonlight, Waldstein and Appassionata sonatas), the Kreutzer violin sonata and Beethoven's only opera, Fidelio.
Beethoven's Late period began around 1815. Works from this period are characterized by their intellectual depth, their formal innovations, and their intense, highly personal expression. The String Quartet, Op. 131 has seven linked movements, and the Ninth Symphony adds choral forces to the orchestra in the last movement. Other compositions from this period include the Missa Solemnis, the last five string quartets (including the massive Große Fuge) and the last five piano sonatas.
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