定语从句的关系副词
关系副词在句中作状语
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why=for which
where=in/ at/ on which（介词同先行词搭配）
when=during/ on/ in/……
1. “where”是关系副词，当然也不用“that”引导。
By the time when you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 当你到达伦敦的时候，我们在那里已经待了两个星期。
I still remember the place where I met her for the first time. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她的地方。
Each time when he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc. 他每次出差都带着生活必需品，如毛巾，肥皂，牙刷等其他东西。
2.当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用“there is”开头。
There is somebody here who wants to talk to you. 这里有人要和你说话。
分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。
1、why
关系副词why主要用于修饰表原因的名词（主要是the reason），同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如：
We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。
She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer. 她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。
与关系副词when和where不同，why可以换成that或省略。如：
That’s one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come. 这就是我请你来的原因之一。
另外，与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样，why只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。如：
他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。
误：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.
正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.(同位语从句)
2、when
关系副词when主要用于修饰表时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如：
There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必须作出抉择的时候到了。
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。
We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一点。
注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词，就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作时间状语，就用when；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用when，而要用that, which等。如：
Don’t forget the time (that, which) I’ve told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。
关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语，正因为是用作宾语，所以也可以省略。
3、where
关系副词where主要用于修饰表地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。如：
This is the village where he was born. 这就是他出生的村子。
That’s the hotel where we were staying last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。
Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus.巴巴拉在奥伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽车去上班。
与前面when的情况一样，注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词，就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作地点状语，就用where；如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用where，而要用that, which等。如：
He works in a factory that [which] makes TV sets. 他在一家电视机厂工作。
引导定语从句的关系副词有三个：when,where,why,都在定语从句中担任状语（注意不能担任主语和宾语,这常常是解题关键）
一、关系副词when的用法
when 既可引导限制性定语从句，又可引导非限制性定语从句。先行词是时间名词，在从句中充当时间状语，相当于“介词+which”。如：
Can you tell me the time when the film will start?—Can you tell me the time at which the film will start? 请告诉我电影什么时候开始好吗？(限制性定语从句)
I will never forget the day, when I joined the Party. —I will never forget the day, on which I joined the Party. 我入党的那一天，我永远不会忘记。(非限制性定语从句)
二、关系副词where的用法
where既可引导限制性定语从句，又可引导非限制性定语从句。先行词是地点名词，在从句中充当地点状语，相当于：“介词+which”。如：
This is the school where I studied a few years ago. —This is the school in which I studied a few years ago. 这就是我几年前所在读书的学校
Let’s go to the concert, where you will find much fun. —Let’s go to the concert, in which you will find much fun. 我们去音乐演唱会吧，在那里你会找到很大的乐趣。
三、关系副词why的用法
why只能引导限制性定语从句，先行词只有reason一词，在从句中充当原因状语，相当于：“for + which”。如：
Do you know the reason why he is not here now?—Do you know the reason for which he is not here now? 你知道他还没有来这儿的原因吗？
四、关系副词that的用法
that只能引导限制性定语从句，充当关系副词时，其作用相当于：“介词+关系代词”，在从句中充当时间、地点、方式、原因状语等。如：
1. 在定语从句中作时间状语。现行词有：each time, every time, anytime, the first time, the moment, the minute, the hour, etc. 但现代英语中，that往往省略。如：
Each time (that) I meet him, he will smile and say “hello”. 每次我会见他时，他都会笑着说“喂，你好!”
2. 在定语从句中作方式状语, 现行词是way, 如：
Can you show me the way (that) you solve the problem like this? 请告诉我你解决这类问题的方法好吗？
3. 在定语从句中作原因状语，现行词只有reason一词，如：
I don’t know the reason (that) he has left school now. 我不知道他辍学的原因。
4. 在定语从句中做其他状语，现行词如price, speed等，如：
I think the price (that) she sells her apple is too high. (that = at which) 我认为她卖苹果的价格太高
关系代词：在句中作主语、宾语或定语
有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等,
1. that既可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语也可以省略.[eg：This is the book （which）you want.]
2. 如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置
3. 代表物时多用which,但在下列情况中用that而不用which：
a)先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时；
b)先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时,这时的that常被省略；
c)先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时；
d)先行词中既有人又有物时；
e)整个句中前面已有which,who,that时；
f)当先行词为物并作表语时；
g)先行词为one时；
h)先行词同时又被the only,the very,the same修饰时；
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样.
区分关系副词和关系代词基本方法如下：
先把主句和定语从句分开,再找出定语从句所修饰的名词/代词（即先行词）,然后放入定语从句中,看看这两者的搭配情况.
1）如果定语从句和该先行词可以直接相连,且在从句中充当主语/宾语/表语的话,则用关系代词.
因为关系代词也属于代词,而代词功能同名词,在句子中一般充当语/宾语/表语.
如：This is the city (which/that) you visited last year.
定语从句所修饰的先行词是the city,放入定语从句you visited last year中,则它直接充当visited的宾语,变成：you visited the city last year.
2）如果定语从句和该先行词无法直接相连,必须另外多加上介词,并在定语从句中充当状语时,则使用关系副词.
如：This is the city where you stayed last year.
定语从句所修饰的先行词也是the city,将其放入定语从句中不能直接作成分,必须加上介词in,一起做从句的地点状语,即定语从句变为：you stayed in the city last year.
一、关系副词when的用法。
when在从句中用作时间状语，其先行词须是表时间的名词。如：
We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.
我们打算把野餐推迟到下周，那时天气可能转好。
He came last night when I was out.
他昨晚来时我出去了。
that有时亦可用作表时间的关系副词。如：
It happened on the day that I was born.
那件事是在我出生的那一天发生的。
二、关系副词where的用法。
where在从句中用作地点状语，其先行词须是表地点的名词。如：
They went to the Royal Theatre, where they saw Ibsen's "The Doll’s house".
他们去皇家剧院看了易卜生的《傀儡家庭》。
The place where Macbeth met the witches was a desolate heath.
麦克白遇见女巫的地方是一片荒原。
where的先行词亦可是有地点含义的抽象名词。如：
He has reached the point where a change is needed.
他已到了需要改弦易辙的地步。
三、关系副词why的用法。
why在从句中用作原因状语，其先行词只有reason，并且只能用在限制性定语从句中，如：
That is no reason why you should leave.
那不是你必须离开的原因。
He refused to disclose the reason why he did it.
他拒绝透露他做那件事的原因。
有时why可以省去。如：
That's one of the reasons I asked you to come.
那是我要你来的原因之一。
有时why可用that代替。如：
The reason that he died was lack of medical care.
他死于缺乏医疗。
表时间的名词 + when + 定语从句
when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
例句：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. I’ll never forget the day when I joined the army. 表地点的名词 + where + 定语从句
where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
例句：The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. This is the house where I lived two years ago.
表原因的名词reason + why + 定语从句(why只用于reason之后的限制性定语从句中,在定语从句中作原因状语。)
例句：That is the reason why I did the job.(在现代英语中why可以省略) 上句也可以这样表示：
That is the reason I did the job.
又如： This was the reason (why )we raised the temperature. 关系副词在定语从句中的用法看似简单，以下注意点不可忽视：
1）“when”、“where”和“why”的运用取就于表时间的名词、表地点的名词和表原因的名词reason在定语从句中所作的成分，比较下面的几组句子： *I will never forget the day when I first met you on the seashore.
*I will never forget the days which/that we spent together in Xueyao Middle School.
**This is the hospital where my mother works.
**This is the hospital which/that we visited the day before yesterday. ***The reason why he did not go to school is that he was ill. ***This is the reason which/that he gave his boss in the office .
2) “when”、“where”和“why”都可以替换成“介词 + which”，介词的选用取就于先行词和定语从句中的动词。例如：
Do you still remember the day on which we first met in Nantong?(on which=when)
This is the room in which we lived last year.(in which=where)
Do you know the reason for which he refused to go to Mary’s birthday party. (for which=why)
有时定语从句中介词短语和动词有意义紧密的修饰关系，尤其在非限制性定语从句中，常使用“介词 + which”结构，而不使用关系副词。例如：
My mother works in a factory, in front of which there is a small river.
At night the soldiers got to a small hill, at the foot of which stood a farmhouse.
3) 关系副词“when”、“where”既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。
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例如：I will always remember the day when I first visited the Great Wall. He came to Shanghai in 1980, when he was only 12. I don’t know the exact spot where they will meet.
Mr Wang will fly to Beijing, where he will stay for three months.
有时关系副词“when”、“where”引导的限制性定语从句和先行词有间隔的现象，是为了平衡句子的语法需要。
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?
The days are gone forever when the Chinese people used “foreign oil.”. 4) “that”可活用为关系副词，相当于“when, where、why”和“介词 + which”结构，尤其在“the time when”等结构中的“when”常被“that”代替，而且“that”往往省略。 I may leave here any time I want to.
During the time I was there I visited him twice.
This is my second time I have come to your country. 5) “which”有时可用作关系形容词，这是“which”在非限制性定语从句中的特殊使用，如：
The doctor advised him to give up smoking, which advice he did not follow.
1.定语从句中，主，谓，宾成分完整时。
He will remember the day when he joined the Party.
2.定语从句中,谓语动词为不及物动词时。
He will remember the factory where he worked ten years ago.
This is the reason why he was late for school.
如果定语从句中,谓语动词为及物动词时，它后面又没有宾语时，就要用关系代词。
He will remember the day which he spent togeher with us.
He will remember the factory which he visited last year.
This is the reason which he gave/explained for his being late for
school.
in which 引导定语从句，作状语。
He will remember the factory in which/where he worked ten years ago.
I don't like the way in which he spoke to his father.
