英语定语从句 也谈英语定语从句

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  摘 要:定语从句是用一个句子对另一个句子成份的修饰与限定,但在学生运用过程中会出现较多的失误,原因是学生在学习过程中对一些细节及本质理解和掌握的不够好,对此本文将对这些地方加以说明与阐述。
  关键词:英语;定语从句;限定;成份;用法
  
   定语从句是英语语法的重点,在英语学习中起着很重要的作用,特别是在应试教育中,学生是否能够准确掌握定语从句直接影响其英语学习水平。定语从句(attribute clause)是用一个句子对另一个句子的一个成份或部分进行修饰与限定,通常置于被修饰的词之后。被修饰的词叫先行词(antecedent),由名词或代词充当。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词(that. which. who. whose.whom)和关系副词(where. when. Why)。定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的作用,是把作定语的从句和主句被修饰的先行词连接在一起,而且在从句中充当一个句子成分如:主语、宾语、状语等。定语从句从类型上分为限定型定语从句与非限定性定语从句。
  1.限定性定语从句
  1)由关系代词that引导的定语从句中,that在从句中即可作主语,亦可作宾语(在非正式文体中可省去);即可指人,亦可指物,但在当代英语中多指物。如:
  A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read.用铅笔写的信很难读。(关系代词that代替先行词letter 在从句中作主语)
  The letter( that) I received from him yesterday is very important.昨天他来的信很重要。(关系代词that代替先行词letter在从句中作宾语)
  Is he the man that sells eggs 他是买鸡蛋的那个人吗?(关系代词that代替先行词man在句中作主语)
  Is he the man ( that )we are talking about(关系代词that代替先行词man在句中作宾语)
  2)由关系代词which引导定语从句,which在从句中即可作主语,亦可作宾语;一般皆指物。如:
  He came from a family which was very poor.(关系代词which代替先行词family在从句中作主语)
  This is the pen which you want.(关系代词which代替先行词pen在从句中作宾语)
  同时在限定性定语从句中that. which的用法还有另外一些限制与要求。
  A.只能用that,不能用which连接的定语从句。
  ①先行词部分有不定代词,few, all, little, much, something, nothing, everything时.
  如:.All that we have to do is to practice every day.所有我能够做的事情就是每天做练习。
  ②先行词部分是叙述词或有序数词修饰时。
  如:He is the last person (that ) I want to see.他是我最不想见的人。
  ③先行词是形容词最高级或者是被形容词最高级修饰时。
  This is the best that has been used against pollution.这是用来防止污染的最好的办法。
  ④先行词被all, any, every, few, little, no, some修饰时。
  如:I have read all the books that you gave me.我已经把你给我的书全部读完了。
   ⑤有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另外一个宜用that。
  如:Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.爱迪生办了一家工厂,生产过去从未见过的东西。
  ⑥先行词部分既有人、又有物时。
  如:They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the factory.
  ⑦主句已有疑问词who或which时
  如:Which is the book that you lost你丢失的是哪一本书?
  如:Who is the women that was praised at the meeting在大会上被表扬的那个女的是谁?
  B.只能用which不能用that连接的定语从句。
  ①在非限定性定语从句中,只宜用which,不能用that。
  如:London, which is the capital of U.K., is a very beautiful ciry.伦敦市英国的首都,它是一座十分美丽的城市。
  ②在限定性定语从句中关系代词前有介词时。
  如:This is the house in which you will stay.这就是你将要在那里住的旅馆。
   ③如句中有两个定语从句,其中一个用that则另一个用which。
  如:Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was nearly open to us.
  我给你看一下,我从向我们开放的图书馆借的小说。
  3)由关系代词who. whom.whose引导定语从句。
  who是主格,可以代替人(即它的先行词必须是人),在从句中用作主语(在非正式英语中亦可用作宾语);.whom是宾格,代替人(即它的先行词必须是人)在从句中作宾语;.whose是所有格,在从句中作定语。它即可以代替人也可以代替物。
  如:I met someone who said he knew you。我遇到一个说认识你的人。(主格关系代词who指代先行词someone在从句中作said的主语)
  Is that the man whom you referred to那个就是你指的那个人吗?(宾格关系代词whom指代先行词man在从句中作referred to的宾语)
  He is the philosopher whose influence has been the greatest.他是影响最大的教授。(所有格关系代词whose指代先行词philosopher在从句中作influence的定语)
  Which is the Asian country whose economy is growing the fastest哪个亚洲国家的经济增长最快?(所有格关系代词whose指代先行词Asian country 在从句中作economy的定语)
  4)关系副词when. where. why引导定语从句。
  关系副词是用来引导定语从句的,它和关系代词一样,具有数种作用:
  ①在定语从句中指代先行词。
  ②在定语从句中担任成分――状语,亦即在从句中起副词和介词短语的作用。
   ③ 起连接作用,它把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句。
  where在从句中作地点状语,指代地点。
  This is the house + I was born in the house./ I was born there. = This is the house where I was born.这就是我出生的那所房子。(where代替先
  行词the house,作地点状语,代替there或in the house)
  同样上述句子也可以用关系代词来连接,见下面的例句。
  This is the house(which/that/可省略)I was born.
  This is the house in which I was born.
  When 在从句中作时间状语,指代时间。
  He came at a time when we needed help.他在我们需要人帮忙的时候来了。(when代替先行词at a time在从句中作时间状语)
  此句同样也可以用关系代词表示。
  He came at a time( which/that/可省去)we needed help at.
  He came at a time at which we needed help.
  Why在从句中作原因状语,指代原因。
  The reason why I’m calling you is to invite you to a party.我给你打电话的原因就是想邀请你参加一个晚会。(关系副词why代替先行词reason在从句中作原因状语)
  带reason的定语从句和表语从句的区别:
  Do you know the reason why he was late.
  你知道为什么迟到了吗?
  定语从句The reason why……
  表语从句The reason is that ……
  The reason is that I want to invite you to a party.原因就是我想邀请你参加一个晚会。
  2.非限定性定语从句。
  ①限定性定句从句表明修饰语与中心词之间的关系密切,如去掉从句,则意义不完整。
  ②非限定性定语从句表明先行词与修饰语的关系不十分密切,去掉从句、主句子意思仍完整,形式上用逗号把主,从句隔开。that一般不引导非限定性定语从句。
  如:
  I like to chat with John, who is a clever boy.我喜欢与约翰交谈,他是个聪明人。
  Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.水是一种清澈的液体,有许多用途。
  Once more I am in Boston, where I have not been for ten years.我又一次来到了波士顿,我已经十年没有到这里来过了。
  Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party.后来他遇到玛丽,玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。
  When he was seventeen he went to a technical school in Zurich, Switzerland, where he studied mathematics and physics.他17岁时,到瑞士苏黎世一专科学校上学,他在那里学习数学和物理学。
  We don’t like the room, which is cold.我们不喜欢那个房间,它很冷。
  He said he was busy, which was untrue.他说他很忙,其实不然。
  I want him, who knows some English.我要他,因为他懂些英语。
  总之定语从句在使用过程中有时也相当于分词短语,是掌握分词短语作后置定语的前提与基础,充分理解定语从句的作用,对于更好掌握修饰修语具有重大作用。
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