关于英语名词性从句的的问题,谢谢
本人是北京一名高二学生,最近开始学习名词性从句,有些不理解,请问谁有关于这方面详细一点的语法,最好是配合我们所学的,谢谢。如果有联系就更好了。同时,我们将要学习虚拟语气,...
本人是北京一名高二学生,最近开始学习名词性从句,有些不理解,请问谁有关于这方面详细一点的语法,最好是配合我们所学的,谢谢。如果有联系就更好了。同时,我们将要学习虚拟语气,若谁有这方面的资料,忘您也不吝赐教。
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一.名词性从句
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句,在整个句子中所起的作用,相当于一个名词。因此,这四种从句通称为名词性从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连接词:that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分)
连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.
连接副词:when, where, how, why
1. 主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:
(1) It + be + 名词 + that从句
(2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句
(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句
(4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
2. 宾语从句
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。
注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, demand, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如:
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。
2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如:
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。
3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如:
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留?
4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用
不同时态。例如:
he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)
he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)
I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)
he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)
当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如:
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如:
We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
3. 表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如:
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。
This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning
4. 同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如:
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别:
that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)
Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)
二. 虚拟语气
1.主语从句中的虚拟语气主语从句中的虚拟语气主要取决于某些形容词和过去分词,用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异和失望等。其形式为:(should)+动词原形。
常这样用的形容词有:
appropriate适当的advisable适当的,合理的better较好的desirable理想的essential精华的imperative迫切的important重要的insistent坚持的natural自然的necessary必要的preferable优越的,较好的strange奇怪的urgent紧迫的vital极其重要的
过去分词有:
desired, demanded, ordered, requested, suggested, recommended, required等。
例如:
It is essential that you (should) win the voters’hearts.赢得选民的心是绝对必要的。
It was suggested that he (should) join the club activities.有人提议他应该参加俱乐部的活动。
2.表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气在表示建议、命令、主张、目的和愿望等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要求使用虚拟语气。其形式为:(should)+动词原形。
常这样用的名词有:
resolution决心,决议pray恳求decision决议motion提议suggestion建议preference选择proposal提议advice劝告recommendation推荐desire愿望demand要求requirement要求order命令necessity必要性request要求idea主意、想法例如:
He gave orders that the guests (should) be hospitably entertained.他下令热情款待这些客人。
His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.他提议我们应该摈弃这些不良习性。
3.宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1)某些动词后所接宾语从句中的谓语动词要求用虚拟语气,用来表示建议、命令和要求等。其形式为:(should)+动词原形。常这样用的动词有:
ask要求advise劝告determine决定decide决定command命令insist坚持intend打算move提议prefer宁愿propose提议order命令recommend推荐request要求require要求suggest建议urge主张demand要求desire渴望direct命令例如:
He insisted that the meeting be put off.他要求推迟那个会议。
They proposed that all the plans should be discussed at the meeting.他们建议所有的计划都应该在会上讨论。
2)在以it为形式宾语的复合宾语从句中也可以用虚拟语气,其形式为:(should)+动词原形。这一句型中使用的形容词(宾补)与主语从句中的虚拟语气所使用的形容词相同。例如:
We think it advisable that he (should) think deeply before acting.我们认为他在行动之前好好考虑一下才是明智的。
3)wish后面所跟的宾语从句中的虚拟语气表示某种不能实现的愿望。
其主要形式有三种:
表示对现在情况的虚拟:wish +主语+动词过去式或were表示对过去情况的虚拟:wish +主语+ had +过去分词表示对将来情况的虚拟:wish +主语+ would +动词原形。
例如:
I wish I knew what was going to happen.但愿我能知道要发生什么事。
She wished she had stayed at home.她懊悔的是她当时要是在家就好了。
I wish I were rich.我恨不得我很有钱。
注意:在表示对过去情况的虚拟时,有时也可以用下列形式:
wish +主语+ would(could)+ have +过去分词I wish I could have seen her last night.要是我昨天晚上能够见到她那该多好。
4. if条件句中的虚拟语气形式1)if非真实条件句所表示的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的,句中的主句与从句都用虚拟语气。
在if非真实虚拟条件句中,主句和从句谓语动词主要有下面几种形式:
假设类型条件从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式与现在事实相反动词过去时(be用were)Should(would,could,might)+动词原形与过去事实相反Had +过去分词Should(would,could, might)+ have +过去分词与将来事实可能相反动词过去时(should+动词原形,were to +动词原形)Should(would,could,might)+动词原形
If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.假如没有引力,我们就不可能行走。
I wouldn’t have known what these were for if I hadn’t been told.假如别人不告诉我,我就不知道这些东西是干什么的了。
2)正式文体中,有时可把虚拟条件句中的连词if省去,而将were,had, should等助动词(不包括行为动词)提到主语前面。如果句中没有were,had或should时,既不能省略if,也不能倒装。例如:
Were I to meet him tomorrow (= If I were to met him tomorrow), I should ask him about it.要是我明天见到他,我就会问他这件事的。
Had I had the money last year (= If I had had the money last year), I would have bought the house.如果我去年有了这笔钱,我就买那所房子了。
Should there be any trouble with the boiler, the automatic controlling unit would cut off the fuel oil supply.假如锅炉出问题的话,自控装置会自动切断燃油的供给。
3)通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的,但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式。例如:
If I were you, I would have taken his advice.我要是你,我就采纳了他的建议。(从句指现在,主句指过去)
If the weather had been more favorable, the crop would be growing still better.如果气候更适宜一些,庄稼会长得更好。(从句指过去,主句指现在)
5.含蓄虚拟条件句1)有时假设的情况并不以条件从句形式表示出来,而是通过一个介词短语或其他方式表示。常用的词或短语有:without, but for, but that, otherwise, or, but等。例如:
Without your help (=If we had not had your help), we could not have succeeded.要是没有你的帮助,我们就不会成功的。
But for electricity (= If there were no electricity), there would be no modern industry.要是没有电,就不会有现代工业。
He was having a meeting; otherwise he would have come over to help us.他当时正与他的学生进行讨论,否则的话他就来帮我们了。
He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have attended the party.他昨天很累,不然他就参加那个聚会了。
2)在某些暗含虚拟条件的简单句中,虚拟语气可通过上下文表现出来。谓语动词用should/ would be形式和should/ would have been虚拟形式。例如:
Any men in his position would have done like that.任何人处在他的位置都会那么做的。
You should (ought to) have come earlier.你本应来得早点。
6.其他句型中的虚拟语气1)在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well和would prefer等后面所跟的从句中,也可以用虚拟语气,表示愿望,意为“宁愿、但愿”。其形式为:
①“would rather (would sooner…) +主语+谓语动词过去式”表示现在或将来的情况。
②“would rather (would sooner) +主语+动词过去完成式”表示过去的情况。例如:I’d rather he didn’t go now.要是他现在不走就好了I’d just as soon you had been here yesterday.要是你昨天在这里就好了。
2)在句型“It is (high/ about) time…”后面也可以跟虚拟语气,从句中常用过去式。有时也用“(should)+动词原形”,意为“该是……的时候了”。例如:
It is time that the boy (should) go to school.这个小孩该上学了。
It is high time (that) the weather improved.天气真该好起来了。
3)在“if only”引起的感叹句中也要求用虚拟语气,表示愿望。
形式为:①用过去时或“would/ could +动词原形”表示与现在或未来事实相反的愿望。
②过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。例如:
If only you would listen to our advice.要是你听我们的建议就好了。
If only I had not been busy last week!要是上周我不忙该多好啊!
If only she could marry me.但愿她能嫁给我。
注:if only也可以用于虚拟条件句中。例如:
If only I had more money, I could buy a car.要是我有更多的钱,我就可以买辆车了。
4)连接词“in case, lest, for fear that”可以用来引导虚拟语气。其形式通常为:“…lest (in case, for fear that) +主语+ should +动词原形”。Lest, for fear that句中的should可以省去,in case句中的should通常不省去,但是in case句中可以不用虚拟语气,而用陈述语气。Lest, for fear that后面也可以接其他形式。例如:
He took his coat with him in case it should rain.他带着雨衣以防下雨。
I will not make a noise for fear that I (should/ might) disturb you.我不会做声的,以免打扰你。
Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow (should) occur.在使用这以方法的时候要谨慎小心,以免发生溢流现象。
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句,在整个句子中所起的作用,相当于一个名词。因此,这四种从句通称为名词性从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连接词:that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分)
连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.
连接副词:when, where, how, why
1. 主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:
(1) It + be + 名词 + that从句
(2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句
(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句
(4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
2. 宾语从句
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。
注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, demand, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如:
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。
2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如:
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。
3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如:
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留?
4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用
不同时态。例如:
he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)
he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)
I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)
he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)
当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如:
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如:
We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
3. 表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如:
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。
This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning
4. 同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如:
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别:
that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)
Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)
二. 虚拟语气
1.主语从句中的虚拟语气主语从句中的虚拟语气主要取决于某些形容词和过去分词,用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异和失望等。其形式为:(should)+动词原形。
常这样用的形容词有:
appropriate适当的advisable适当的,合理的better较好的desirable理想的essential精华的imperative迫切的important重要的insistent坚持的natural自然的necessary必要的preferable优越的,较好的strange奇怪的urgent紧迫的vital极其重要的
过去分词有:
desired, demanded, ordered, requested, suggested, recommended, required等。
例如:
It is essential that you (should) win the voters’hearts.赢得选民的心是绝对必要的。
It was suggested that he (should) join the club activities.有人提议他应该参加俱乐部的活动。
2.表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气在表示建议、命令、主张、目的和愿望等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要求使用虚拟语气。其形式为:(should)+动词原形。
常这样用的名词有:
resolution决心,决议pray恳求decision决议motion提议suggestion建议preference选择proposal提议advice劝告recommendation推荐desire愿望demand要求requirement要求order命令necessity必要性request要求idea主意、想法例如:
He gave orders that the guests (should) be hospitably entertained.他下令热情款待这些客人。
His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.他提议我们应该摈弃这些不良习性。
3.宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1)某些动词后所接宾语从句中的谓语动词要求用虚拟语气,用来表示建议、命令和要求等。其形式为:(should)+动词原形。常这样用的动词有:
ask要求advise劝告determine决定decide决定command命令insist坚持intend打算move提议prefer宁愿propose提议order命令recommend推荐request要求require要求suggest建议urge主张demand要求desire渴望direct命令例如:
He insisted that the meeting be put off.他要求推迟那个会议。
They proposed that all the plans should be discussed at the meeting.他们建议所有的计划都应该在会上讨论。
2)在以it为形式宾语的复合宾语从句中也可以用虚拟语气,其形式为:(should)+动词原形。这一句型中使用的形容词(宾补)与主语从句中的虚拟语气所使用的形容词相同。例如:
We think it advisable that he (should) think deeply before acting.我们认为他在行动之前好好考虑一下才是明智的。
3)wish后面所跟的宾语从句中的虚拟语气表示某种不能实现的愿望。
其主要形式有三种:
表示对现在情况的虚拟:wish +主语+动词过去式或were表示对过去情况的虚拟:wish +主语+ had +过去分词表示对将来情况的虚拟:wish +主语+ would +动词原形。
例如:
I wish I knew what was going to happen.但愿我能知道要发生什么事。
She wished she had stayed at home.她懊悔的是她当时要是在家就好了。
I wish I were rich.我恨不得我很有钱。
注意:在表示对过去情况的虚拟时,有时也可以用下列形式:
wish +主语+ would(could)+ have +过去分词I wish I could have seen her last night.要是我昨天晚上能够见到她那该多好。
4. if条件句中的虚拟语气形式1)if非真实条件句所表示的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的,句中的主句与从句都用虚拟语气。
在if非真实虚拟条件句中,主句和从句谓语动词主要有下面几种形式:
假设类型条件从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式与现在事实相反动词过去时(be用were)Should(would,could,might)+动词原形与过去事实相反Had +过去分词Should(would,could, might)+ have +过去分词与将来事实可能相反动词过去时(should+动词原形,were to +动词原形)Should(would,could,might)+动词原形
If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.假如没有引力,我们就不可能行走。
I wouldn’t have known what these were for if I hadn’t been told.假如别人不告诉我,我就不知道这些东西是干什么的了。
2)正式文体中,有时可把虚拟条件句中的连词if省去,而将were,had, should等助动词(不包括行为动词)提到主语前面。如果句中没有were,had或should时,既不能省略if,也不能倒装。例如:
Were I to meet him tomorrow (= If I were to met him tomorrow), I should ask him about it.要是我明天见到他,我就会问他这件事的。
Had I had the money last year (= If I had had the money last year), I would have bought the house.如果我去年有了这笔钱,我就买那所房子了。
Should there be any trouble with the boiler, the automatic controlling unit would cut off the fuel oil supply.假如锅炉出问题的话,自控装置会自动切断燃油的供给。
3)通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的,但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式。例如:
If I were you, I would have taken his advice.我要是你,我就采纳了他的建议。(从句指现在,主句指过去)
If the weather had been more favorable, the crop would be growing still better.如果气候更适宜一些,庄稼会长得更好。(从句指过去,主句指现在)
5.含蓄虚拟条件句1)有时假设的情况并不以条件从句形式表示出来,而是通过一个介词短语或其他方式表示。常用的词或短语有:without, but for, but that, otherwise, or, but等。例如:
Without your help (=If we had not had your help), we could not have succeeded.要是没有你的帮助,我们就不会成功的。
But for electricity (= If there were no electricity), there would be no modern industry.要是没有电,就不会有现代工业。
He was having a meeting; otherwise he would have come over to help us.他当时正与他的学生进行讨论,否则的话他就来帮我们了。
He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have attended the party.他昨天很累,不然他就参加那个聚会了。
2)在某些暗含虚拟条件的简单句中,虚拟语气可通过上下文表现出来。谓语动词用should/ would be形式和should/ would have been虚拟形式。例如:
Any men in his position would have done like that.任何人处在他的位置都会那么做的。
You should (ought to) have come earlier.你本应来得早点。
6.其他句型中的虚拟语气1)在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well和would prefer等后面所跟的从句中,也可以用虚拟语气,表示愿望,意为“宁愿、但愿”。其形式为:
①“would rather (would sooner…) +主语+谓语动词过去式”表示现在或将来的情况。
②“would rather (would sooner) +主语+动词过去完成式”表示过去的情况。例如:I’d rather he didn’t go now.要是他现在不走就好了I’d just as soon you had been here yesterday.要是你昨天在这里就好了。
2)在句型“It is (high/ about) time…”后面也可以跟虚拟语气,从句中常用过去式。有时也用“(should)+动词原形”,意为“该是……的时候了”。例如:
It is time that the boy (should) go to school.这个小孩该上学了。
It is high time (that) the weather improved.天气真该好起来了。
3)在“if only”引起的感叹句中也要求用虚拟语气,表示愿望。
形式为:①用过去时或“would/ could +动词原形”表示与现在或未来事实相反的愿望。
②过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。例如:
If only you would listen to our advice.要是你听我们的建议就好了。
If only I had not been busy last week!要是上周我不忙该多好啊!
If only she could marry me.但愿她能嫁给我。
注:if only也可以用于虚拟条件句中。例如:
If only I had more money, I could buy a car.要是我有更多的钱,我就可以买辆车了。
4)连接词“in case, lest, for fear that”可以用来引导虚拟语气。其形式通常为:“…lest (in case, for fear that) +主语+ should +动词原形”。Lest, for fear that句中的should可以省去,in case句中的should通常不省去,但是in case句中可以不用虚拟语气,而用陈述语气。Lest, for fear that后面也可以接其他形式。例如:
He took his coat with him in case it should rain.他带着雨衣以防下雨。
I will not make a noise for fear that I (should/ might) disturb you.我不会做声的,以免打扰你。
Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow (should) occur.在使用这以方法的时候要谨慎小心,以免发生溢流现象。
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1
winning是动名词,相当于一个名词,
their是形容词性物主代词,用在名词前面表示所属关系.
2
it
形式宾语,后面的句子做真正的宾语,即it替代整个句子,不能省去that,这样可以看懂句子成分
3
此题主要测试以下句型结构:A
is
to
B
what
C
is
to
D。意思:A对于B的重要性,就如同C对于D的重要性一样。此句型中what从句在主句中起表语作用,同时what在从句中也起表语作用
winning是动名词,相当于一个名词,
their是形容词性物主代词,用在名词前面表示所属关系.
2
it
形式宾语,后面的句子做真正的宾语,即it替代整个句子,不能省去that,这样可以看懂句子成分
3
此题主要测试以下句型结构:A
is
to
B
what
C
is
to
D。意思:A对于B的重要性,就如同C对于D的重要性一样。此句型中what从句在主句中起表语作用,同时what在从句中也起表语作用
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接着楼上所说
例如:
We all know that you are right.
我们都知道你是对的.
这个句子里you are right也是一个句子,作宾语,相当于一个名词做宾语.
SEE?
例如:
We all know that you are right.
我们都知道你是对的.
这个句子里you are right也是一个句子,作宾语,相当于一个名词做宾语.
SEE?
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名词性从句最根本的一点就是,它在句子里当做名词来用。也就是说,语法功能和名词是一样的。
搞清楚了这一点,剩下的就是句子成分的分析了。
搞清楚了这一点,剩下的就是句子成分的分析了。
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语法书!!
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