Question

求高手翻译一下下面的文章，用翻译软件的朋友就免了，满意的话300分也给，先谢过了，急用，在线等。

文章如下 ：
混凝土面板堆石坝发展现状
混凝土面板堆石坝在19世纪80年代就出现了，由于当时技术条件的限制，采用抛投法堆筑，垂直沉降和水平位移都很大，施工期和施工后沉降可达到坝高的7%左右。坝造高了，沉降量加大，混凝土面板开裂，导致大量渗水，因此当时堆石坝最高造到100M.到四十年代，堆石坝基本停止发展，六十年代，由于大型振动压路机的出现，使堆石密度明显提高，变形减小，渗水减少，施工季节不受限制，因而堆石坝再次得到发展，已成为经济合理、应用广泛、施工方便的一种新坝型。目前，由于施工工艺的进步，使得混凝土面板堆石坝的设计高度提高到200M级。面板堆石坝的发展现状可归纳为以下几点：
1、 填筑标准提高
主次堆石区分线，加大主堆石区的比例（目前已达2/3）；坝体填筑高深均衡，坝料均衡上升，尽量减少高差，有高差的部位采用缓坡连接；压实质量提高，由于冲击压实技术的应用，使得坝料的孔隙率大大降低，而各区压实的均匀性大大提高。
2、 软岩筑坝的发展
随着坝高的增长，硬岩已不能满足大坝填筑量的需要，通过掺用软岩或者单独采用软岩，大大地扩大了料源范围，增大了开采料的利用率。
3、 冬季填筑碾压
通过薄层填筑、禁止冻块上坝、垫层料兼顾排水性和稳定性等措施，冬季可以施工。
4、 面板防裂性能大大提高
混凝土面板裂缝分为温度裂缝和结构裂缝两种，过去对温度裂缝研究较多，但结构缝对坝体危害很大，目前还未得到解决。
通过选择配合比、外加剂、合适的施工期，及时养护等综合措施，可减少面板温度裂缝。目前在国内常采用两种高性能混凝土来减少面板的温度裂缝：在洪家渡、浙江白溪电站采用聚丙烯纤维收缩补偿混凝土，在珊溪采用BF-Ⅱ减水剂，都得到了很好的效果。
面板结构裂缝主要是由大坝变形过大、沉降不均匀等原因引起的，解决办法只能通过提高大坝堆石干密度、把好填筑碾压质量关、预留足够的沉降期等措施来控制。不能搞临时断面，坝料均衡上升，控制填筑层厚度，面板一次浇筑成型，尽量不分期。公伯峡电站采用全断面均衡薄层上升填筑法，坝高已填筑80多米，但沉陷量只有40㎝，也说明了这个问题。

Answer 1

Current Development Status of Concrete Face Rockfill Dam

Concrete face rockfill dam was appeared in 1880', being built up by heap dumping method under the technological conditions at that time, serious vertical settlement and horizontal displacement always accompanied, the settlement could reach about 7% during or after the construction period. If dam is high, settlement will be even bigger, concrete face would crack so that water could seep out rapidly. So the highest rockfill dam couldn't be more than 100m at that time. The rockfill dam was stopped to be developed mainly at 1940'. In 1960', since huge vibration road rollers occured, obviously improved density of rockfill, minimized deformation, decreased seepage, and without any restriction about construction seasons, so that rockfill dam was developed once again and has become a widely used new dam type with economy reasonable and convenience of construction. Nowadays, the designheight of concrete face rockfill dam is reach 200m due to the progress of construction technology.

The current development status of concrete face rockfill dam could be classified into the followings:

1. The improvement of filling standard.

Line the distinction of primary and secondery rockfill area, increase the ratio of primary rockfill area (reach to 2/3 currently); Fill the dam body with equilibrium in height and depth, Heap the rockfill symmetrically, Minimize height difference, use connecting slope between parts in different height; Compaction quality is improved, with application of impact compaction technique, greatly reduce the porosity of the rockfill to increase the compaction uniformity of each area.

2、 The development of soft rock damming

Along with the increasing of dam height, hard rock can not catch up with the requirement qty of filling dam, using soft rock mixed in the rockfill or using soft rock alone to enlarge the varity of feedstock widely, increase the utilization rate of mining.

3、 Filling and rolling compaction in Winter

By means of thin layer of filling, prohibition filling frozen block, taking cushion material both with drainage and stability, construction could go on in winter days.

4、 greatly enhancing the anti-fission performance

There are 2 kinds of crack of concrete face: thermal cracks and structural cracks, the thermal cracks had been researched many times in the past, but structural cracks seriously harm the dam body, and can't be figured out at present.

With the comprehensivemeasures of selecting mixing proportion, admixtures and proper construction period along with timely maintenance ect, will reduce the thermal cracks of concrete face. Currently 2 kinds of high performance concrete are using to reduce the thermal cracks of concrete face interiorly; Using polypropylene fiber shrinkage compensation concrete in Hongjiadu and Zhejiang Baixi hydropower stations, and using BF-Ⅱwater reducer in Shanxi hydropower stations, all bring very good results.

The crack of concrete face is caused by reason as oversize deformation and uneven settlement of dam and so on, the solutions without option but to increase the dry density of rockfill, well control the quality of filling and rolling compact, and reserve enough time for settlement period to keep the cracks under control. Temporary break is forbidden, must heap rockfill regularly, control the thickness of the filling layer, concrete face shall form completely by one-step, but not by stages as far as possible. By using complete section regular thin layer rise filling method in Gongboxia hydropower station, the settlement is only 40cm when dam height over 80m, could illustrate the problems.

Answer 2

Development of concrete face rockfill dam
Concrete face rockfill dam in the 19th century, appeared in 80 years, due to technical constraints were used to build the heap dumped method, the vertical settlement and horizontal displacement are large, the construction and dam construction can be achieved after the settlement of 7% about. Dam built high, to increase settlement, cracking of concrete panels, resulting in a large number of water seepage, so the highest rockfill dam was built to 100M. To 40 years, the basic rock-fill dam to stop the development of the sixties, due to large vibratory roller appear to significantly increase the density of rockfill, deformation decreases, the seepage reduction, construction season, unrestricted, and therefore once again rock-fill dam development, has become economical, widely used and convenient construction of a new dam. At present, due to advances in construction technology makes the design of concrete face rockfill dam height of up to 200M level. Development of face rockfill dam can be summarized as follows:
1, to improve the placement standards
Distinction between primary and secondary line of rockfill and increase the proportion of main rockfill zone (currently reached 2 / 3); dam filling highly balanced, dam material balance increased to minimize the height difference, with the height difference to connect the site with gentle slope; improve the quality of compaction, as impact compaction technology, makes the dam significantly reduce the porosity of materials, while the district greatly improved the uniformity of compaction.
2, the development of soft rock dam
With the height of the growth of hard rock can not meet the needs of the amount of dam, or by a separate mixed with soft rock soft rock, greatly expanded the range of material sources, increases the utilization of mining materials.
3, winter filling rolled
By thin-layer filling, frozen block against dam, drainage bedding material and stability of both measures, the construction in winter.
4, panel cracking performance greatly improved
Crack of concrete slab cracks and structural cracks were divided into two, the temperature cracks with more in the past, but much of structural joint damage on the dam, has not yet been resolved.
By selecting the mixture ratio, admixtures, construction of appropriate, timely, comprehensive conservation measures to reduce the panel temperature cracks. In China often uses two high-performance concrete to reduce the temperature of panel cracks: in the Hongjiadu, White River Power Plant, Zhejiang shrinkage compensated concrete with polypropylene fiber, in Shanxi with BF-Ⅱ reducing agent, are all very well effect.
Panel structure of crack deformation mainly by the dam is too large, uneven settlement and other causes, the solution can only be dry rockfill dam by increasing the density of the compacted filling good quality, sufficient measures such as the settlement period to control. Can not engage in the temporary section, dam up material balance, control, filling thickness, panel a casting molding, try not to stage. Gongboxia Power Station by filling up the whole thin section balance method, dam has been filling more than 80 meters, but the settlement is only 40 cm, also illustrates the problem.

Answer 3

==需要会时间 别采纳别人了啊
好了
Development status of concrete face rockfill dam
Concrete face rockfill dam in the 1880s would appear, because when technological conditions, using method of floaters heap up, horizontal displacement and vertical settlement, construction and settlement after construction can be achieved by 7% of high dam. DAMS built high, settlement, concrete slabs of seepage, cracking and then made to the highest rockfill dam so to 1940s, 100M. Basic stop developing and DAMS in the 1960s, due to the large vibratory roller, made of stone density was improved obviously, deformation, seepage, construction season is not restricted and rockfill DAMS, again has become the economic and reasonable applications, construction is convenient, a new type of. At present, due to the progress of construction technology, design of the concrete face rockfill dam of high level to improve the blast-caused. The development situation of CFRD dam can be classified into the following:

1, filling standards to improve

Secondary line of distinction, the proportion of (currently has reached 2/3), Dam filling of balanced equilibrium, profound, minimize difference, the difference is used for connecting slope, Compaction quality improvement, due to the application of impact compaction technology, makes the porosity of reduced greatly, and the uniformity of the district compaction greatly increased.

2, the development of soft rock DAMS

Along with the growth of high dam, hard rock already cannot satisfy the needs TianZhuLiang dam, mixed with soft rock or by using a soft rock, alone greatly expand the scope of the material, and increase the utilization rate of mining.

3, winter filling rolling

Through the thin layer of rock, prohibit cold on both of cushion material, and stability, winter can construction.

4 and greatly improve the performance of crack panel

The temperature cracks of concrete crack into panel and structural cracks two kinds, past research of temperature crack, but the great harm of dam structure joints, now still unresolved.
Through the choice of appropriate proportion and admixture, the construction, timely maintenance comprehensive measures, can reduce the temperature cracks panel. At present in China often use two kinds of high-performance concrete to reduce the temperature cracks: in the face of zhejiang BaiXi crossing flood home station, using polypropylene fiber concrete shrinkage compensation in shanxi, using BF - Ⅱ jianshuiji, got a very good effect.
Panel structural cracks is mainly composed of dam deformation and uneven subsidence caused by reason of such solutions, only by improving ShiGan density of dam filling, good quality and sufficient RCC settlement period measures to control. Can't get temporary section, dam, control the filling material balance layer thickness, panel, try not to shape a casting. By virtue of hydropower station, whole section equilibrium method, thin rise high embankment dam filling has more than 80 meters, but only 40 cm, quantity of subsidence and illustrates the problems.

Answer 4

这是专业英语啊 汗 不是这个专业的