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Body Language
When you don’t speak you may still be communicating. It is true that you may not wish to say anything. But your very silence may show your wish to be left alone or to stay uninvolved, which is the message you want to send.
So it has been justly said that while “we speak with our vocal organs we converse with our whole bodies.” All of us communicate with one another nonverbally, as well as with words. Sometimes we know what we’re doing, as with the use of gestures such as the thumbs-up sign to indicate that we approve. But most of the time we’re not aware that we’re dong it. We gesture with eyebrows or a hand, meet someone else’s eyes and look away, shift positions in a chair… These actions we assume are random and incidental. But researchers have discovered that there is a system to them almost as consistent and comprehensible as language, and they conclude that there is a whole range of body language, including the way we move, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, the extent to which we touch and distance we stand from each other.
The body language serves a variety of purposes. Firstly it can replace verbal communication, as with the use of gesture. Secondly it can modify verbal communication. Loudness and tone of voice is an example here. Thirdly it regulates social interaction: turn taking is largely governed by non-verbal signals. Fourthly it conveys our emotions. Finally it conveys our attitude towards ourselves and towards the people we are communicating with. This is particularly important for successful cross-cultural communication.
Every culture has its own body language, and children absorb its nuances along with spoken language. A Frenchman talks and moves in French. The way an Englishman crosses his nothing like the way. A male American does it. When we communicate with people from other cultures, the body language sometimes help make the communication easy and effective, such as shaking hands is such a universal gesture that people all over the world know that it is a signal for greeting. But sometimes the body language can cause certain misunderstanding since people of different cultures often have different forms of behavior for sending the same body signals. Nodding one’s head is generally meant to show agreement “yes”, but to Nepalese, Sri Lankans, some Indians and some Eskimos, it means not “yes”, but “no”. When an American rubs his nose, it may mean hi is disagreeing with someone or rejecting something. But there is a conversation between students and professor which holds that the older man’s eyes a little longer than usual can be a sign of respect and affection; can be a subtle challenge to the professor’s authority; or can be something else entirely.
Numerous studies have indicated that different cultural groups can recognize direct expressions of emotion with equal levels of agreement. Facial expressions of such basic emotions as happiness, anger, disgust, sadness, fear and surprise are recognizable all over the world. Among the Japanese, however, the open and full expression of a number of these emotions is likely to be held in check. As a result Americans dealing with the Japanese may find themselves perplexed by what they perceive as a lack of emotion expression. To those coming from societies which are less restrained in such matters the Japanese may at first fight appear somewhat inscrutable. It is only with time that such outsiders can begin to recognize that degree of emotional restraint being exercised.
Within societies there are also differences between groups in terms of differences in the extent which emotions are expressed. In Britain, for example, the traditional male role is one that involves the suppression of the expression most emotions. Women, on the other hand, are expected to express their emotions more freely. Not only do women give off more nonverbal emotional signals, but there is also much evidence that they are better at interpreting such messages.
So in order to achieve a more successful cross-cultural communication, we need not only know ‘what to say’ but also ‘how to say it appropriate’. In other words, if we want to communicate with people of other cultures more successfully, we need not only be able to use the verbal language appropriately, but also be able to use the nonverbal behaviors that go with that particular language. Observation shows that a truly bilingual person switches his body languages at the same time he switches languages.
In the 24 years since China opened up to the outside world, the Chinese have seen that internationalization works. This means a root and branch reform of Chinese economy. Entering the WTO, China will enrich itself and the world. Then body language is the most powerful, efficient and common means for communication and it will also be more and more important in the future society.
When you don’t speak you may still be communicating. It is true that you may not wish to say anything. But your very silence may show your wish to be left alone or to stay uninvolved, which is the message you want to send.
So it has been justly said that while “we speak with our vocal organs we converse with our whole bodies.” All of us communicate with one another nonverbally, as well as with words. Sometimes we know what we’re doing, as with the use of gestures such as the thumbs-up sign to indicate that we approve. But most of the time we’re not aware that we’re dong it. We gesture with eyebrows or a hand, meet someone else’s eyes and look away, shift positions in a chair… These actions we assume are random and incidental. But researchers have discovered that there is a system to them almost as consistent and comprehensible as language, and they conclude that there is a whole range of body language, including the way we move, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, the extent to which we touch and distance we stand from each other.
The body language serves a variety of purposes. Firstly it can replace verbal communication, as with the use of gesture. Secondly it can modify verbal communication. Loudness and tone of voice is an example here. Thirdly it regulates social interaction: turn taking is largely governed by non-verbal signals. Fourthly it conveys our emotions. Finally it conveys our attitude towards ourselves and towards the people we are communicating with. This is particularly important for successful cross-cultural communication.
Every culture has its own body language, and children absorb its nuances along with spoken language. A Frenchman talks and moves in French. The way an Englishman crosses his nothing like the way. A male American does it. When we communicate with people from other cultures, the body language sometimes help make the communication easy and effective, such as shaking hands is such a universal gesture that people all over the world know that it is a signal for greeting. But sometimes the body language can cause certain misunderstanding since people of different cultures often have different forms of behavior for sending the same body signals. Nodding one’s head is generally meant to show agreement “yes”, but to Nepalese, Sri Lankans, some Indians and some Eskimos, it means not “yes”, but “no”. When an American rubs his nose, it may mean hi is disagreeing with someone or rejecting something. But there is a conversation between students and professor which holds that the older man’s eyes a little longer than usual can be a sign of respect and affection; can be a subtle challenge to the professor’s authority; or can be something else entirely.
Numerous studies have indicated that different cultural groups can recognize direct expressions of emotion with equal levels of agreement. Facial expressions of such basic emotions as happiness, anger, disgust, sadness, fear and surprise are recognizable all over the world. Among the Japanese, however, the open and full expression of a number of these emotions is likely to be held in check. As a result Americans dealing with the Japanese may find themselves perplexed by what they perceive as a lack of emotion expression. To those coming from societies which are less restrained in such matters the Japanese may at first fight appear somewhat inscrutable. It is only with time that such outsiders can begin to recognize that degree of emotional restraint being exercised.
Within societies there are also differences between groups in terms of differences in the extent which emotions are expressed. In Britain, for example, the traditional male role is one that involves the suppression of the expression most emotions. Women, on the other hand, are expected to express their emotions more freely. Not only do women give off more nonverbal emotional signals, but there is also much evidence that they are better at interpreting such messages.
So in order to achieve a more successful cross-cultural communication, we need not only know ‘what to say’ but also ‘how to say it appropriate’. In other words, if we want to communicate with people of other cultures more successfully, we need not only be able to use the verbal language appropriately, but also be able to use the nonverbal behaviors that go with that particular language. Observation shows that a truly bilingual person switches his body languages at the same time he switches languages.
In the 24 years since China opened up to the outside world, the Chinese have seen that internationalization works. This means a root and branch reform of Chinese economy. Entering the WTO, China will enrich itself and the world. Then body language is the most powerful, efficient and common means for communication and it will also be more and more important in the future society.
参考资料： Internet
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出处就在下面,你一定没有仔细看,不过上面的老兄没有给.
body language
Body language is a broad term for forms of communication using body movements or gestures instead of, or in addition to, sounds, verbal language, or other forms of communication. It forms part of the category of paralanguage, which describes all forms of human communication that are not verbal language. This includes the most subtle of movements that many people are not aware of, including winking and slight movement of the eyebrows.
Paralanguage, including body language, has been extensively studied in social psychology. In everyday speech and popular psychology, the term is most often applied to body language that is considered involuntary, even though the distinction between voluntary and involuntary body language is often controversial. For example, a smile may be produced either consciously or unconsciously.
Terminology
Voluntary body language refers to movement, gestures and poses intentionally made by a person (i.e., conscious smiling, hand movements and imitation). It can apply to many types of soundless communication. Generally, movement made with full or partial intention and an understanding of what it communicates can be considered voluntary.
Involuntary body language quite often takes the form of facial expression, and has therefore been suggested as a means to identify the emotions of a person with whom one is communicating.
Origins of body language
The relation of body language to animal communication has often been discussed. Human paralanguage may represent a continuation of forms of communication that our non-linguistic ancestors already used, or it may be that it has been changed by co-existing with language. Some species of animals are especially adept at detecting human body language, both voluntary and involuntary: this is the basis of the Clever Hans effect (a source of artifact in comparative psychology), and was also the reason for trying to teach the chimpanzee Washoe American Sign Language rather than speech — and perhaps the reason why the Washoe project was more successful than some previous efforts to teach apes to use human language.
Body language is a product of both genetic and environmental influences. Blind children will smile and laugh even though they have never seen a smile. The ethologist Iraneus Eibl-Eibesfeldt claimed that a number of basic elements of body language were universal across cultures and must therefore be fixed action patterns under instinctive control. Some forms of human body language show continuities with communicative gestures of other apes, though often with changes in meaning. More refined gestures, which vary between cultures (for example the gestures to indicate "yes" and "no"), must be learned or modified through learning, usually by unconscious observation of the environment.
Social uses
Body language is particularly important in group communications according to Tarnow. Body language is a factor in human courtship as a subconscious or subtle method of communication between potential mates. Researchers such as Desmond Morris have extensively studied and reported on courtship behaviour. (see also: Flirting)
In the animal kingdom
Body language is documented in the animal kingdom to play an important role, particularly in the case of mammals during animal courtship. As an example, the male Blue Wildebeest produces an array of behaviours in the territorial staking and subsequent mate attraction process. An erect posture signals dominance to other males, warning not to enter his domain territory. While standing, an angled head, pointing his horns at another male, invites combat. In attracting a female, he will often gore a tree to display athleticism and virility, signaling interest in mating.
出处就在下面,你一定没有仔细看,不过上面的老兄没有给.
body language
Body language is a broad term for forms of communication using body movements or gestures instead of, or in addition to, sounds, verbal language, or other forms of communication. It forms part of the category of paralanguage, which describes all forms of human communication that are not verbal language. This includes the most subtle of movements that many people are not aware of, including winking and slight movement of the eyebrows.
Paralanguage, including body language, has been extensively studied in social psychology. In everyday speech and popular psychology, the term is most often applied to body language that is considered involuntary, even though the distinction between voluntary and involuntary body language is often controversial. For example, a smile may be produced either consciously or unconsciously.
Terminology
Voluntary body language refers to movement, gestures and poses intentionally made by a person (i.e., conscious smiling, hand movements and imitation). It can apply to many types of soundless communication. Generally, movement made with full or partial intention and an understanding of what it communicates can be considered voluntary.
Involuntary body language quite often takes the form of facial expression, and has therefore been suggested as a means to identify the emotions of a person with whom one is communicating.
Origins of body language
The relation of body language to animal communication has often been discussed. Human paralanguage may represent a continuation of forms of communication that our non-linguistic ancestors already used, or it may be that it has been changed by co-existing with language. Some species of animals are especially adept at detecting human body language, both voluntary and involuntary: this is the basis of the Clever Hans effect (a source of artifact in comparative psychology), and was also the reason for trying to teach the chimpanzee Washoe American Sign Language rather than speech — and perhaps the reason why the Washoe project was more successful than some previous efforts to teach apes to use human language.
Body language is a product of both genetic and environmental influences. Blind children will smile and laugh even though they have never seen a smile. The ethologist Iraneus Eibl-Eibesfeldt claimed that a number of basic elements of body language were universal across cultures and must therefore be fixed action patterns under instinctive control. Some forms of human body language show continuities with communicative gestures of other apes, though often with changes in meaning. More refined gestures, which vary between cultures (for example the gestures to indicate "yes" and "no"), must be learned or modified through learning, usually by unconscious observation of the environment.
Social uses
Body language is particularly important in group communications according to Tarnow. Body language is a factor in human courtship as a subconscious or subtle method of communication between potential mates. Researchers such as Desmond Morris have extensively studied and reported on courtship behaviour. (see also: Flirting)
In the animal kingdom
Body language is documented in the animal kingdom to play an important role, particularly in the case of mammals during animal courtship. As an example, the male Blue Wildebeest produces an array of behaviours in the territorial staking and subsequent mate attraction process. An erect posture signals dominance to other males, warning not to enter his domain territory. While standing, an angled head, pointing his horns at another male, invites combat. In attracting a female, he will often gore a tree to display athleticism and virility, signaling interest in mating.
参考资料： http://www.answers.com/body%20language
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