Question

英语中最常见的逻辑关系有哪些

Answer 1

托福阅读当中考查长难句的题型是句子简化题和句子插入题目，托福阅读考试一篇只有20分钟的时间。在这20分钟当中要完成14道题目，对于语法基础并不是很好的学生，会花费非常多的时间。对于这样的题目，如果学会迅速抓住句子之间内在的逻辑关系也是会非常快的做对题目，那下面我们就来总结一下，托福阅读当中常见的逻辑关系都有哪些?
1. 否定
明显： no, not, none, neither, never, deny
隐含： fail to, absence from, lack of, refuse to, little, few
否定前缀： a-, ab-, anti-, counter-, de-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mal-, mis-, non-, un-…
否定后缀： -less, free-, proof-
2. 并列
and/or, like, likewise, equally, the same as, same/similar to, in the same way
both…and…, neither…nor… as well as, not only…but also…/vice versa
3. 因果
明显：because, since, for, as, due to, owing to, in that, so…that…, therefore, thus,
hence.
隐含：导致：in as much as, cause, lead to, stimulate, spur, spark, push, motive,
prompt, be responsible to
由于： derive from, result from, come from, originate from, initiate from
on account of, in view of, according to, rely on, depend on
4. 条件
明显： if, unless, as long as, in case that/of
隐含： suppose/supposing that, providing/provided that, on condition that，
except when=unless
5. 比较
明显： 比较级，最高级+than
隐含： 最高意义：maximum, favorite, outstanding, top
6. 转折
明显：but, yet, however, though, although, even if, even though, while, whereas,
nevertheless, despite, in spite of, instead, in contrast, contrast to
on the contrary, different from, differ from, conversely
隐含： for all;倒装+as;even+时间(even when)但不重要
超隐含： 时间，空间，事物对比

Answer 2

1. 因果关系
因：because、because of、for、as、since、in that、on account of、with
果：so、so that、therefore、thereby、as a result、hence、thus、consequently、accordingly
因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
隐性因果：
A 导致(因-果)：cause、reason、lead to、give rise to、result in、render、make、let、ask、push、stimulate、fuel、produce
如：The increased presures of expanding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees。
在这段话中，有lead to表示了导致的意思，即结果，而so that更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。
B 由…而来(果-因)：result from、derive from、originate from、initiate from、stem from、be attributable to
如：“The extreme serioue of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected，as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the proce。”
在这段话中，根据result from可以推断出有因果关系，那如果是解释句子题时，选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。
C 反映，体现(果-因)：reflect、present、demonstrate、suggest、imply
D 考虑到：given、considering、in view of、thanks to、according to
He succeeded thanks to(in view of) his effort。
E 依赖于：rely on、depend on、resort to
He resorted to books when he had problems。
F 条件关系：when、once、as soon as、As long as
As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once。
G 分词短语，不定式做状语：Failing in the final exam, she cried。
2. 对比转折关系
A 对比：while、whereas、on the other hand
在解释句子题、插入句子题中，一旦出现对比关系，学生在掌握的基础上就能非常快速的判定句间和句内的关系。While、whereas 前后连接的是平行结构，on the other hand前必定有on one hand，可以用来把握句间关系。
B 转折：but、although、nevertheless、however
转折是英语四级阅读的一个经典考点之一，掌握这些转折词对考试非常有帮助。
3. 比较关系
A 同级比较 the same to
B 比较级：more than、-er than
C 变化：change、alter、vary、modify、revise、increase、decrease、enhance、diminish、develop、progress、advance、improve、retreat、degenerate、continue、remain
D 差异：different、distinguish、separate、same、similar、comparable、compare to
E 超越：surpass、exceed、excel、over
F 最高级，本身有最高级含义：maximum、minimum、peak、outstanding
G 本身程度比较深：amazing、surprising、astonishing、prohibitively
H 否定+比较=最高级 No one is more outstanding than him。
从这句话中可以看出，否定加比较表示的是一种最高级关系。
4. 否定关系
显性否定：no、not、never、nor、none neither
隐形否定：fail to、refuse、remove、mi、reject、aence of、lack of
否定前缀：a-、ab-、dis-、il-、im-、in-、non-、un-否定前缀是词汇题中经常出的一个考点，把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词，依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个排除。
双重否定：not fail to、not illegal、not uncommon、not unavailable双重否定是英文中经常运用的表达方式，由于在平时中文对话中用的很少，随意对双重否定的把握就显得特别的重要。

Answer 3

英语文章中常见的逻辑关系
1.并列关系 and, and also, or, neither……nor, either……or, not only……but also, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, same……as;
2.递进关系 also, then, besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more; indeed;
3.因果关系 because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…..that, such…..that, in order that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, because of, considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, lest, as a result, for this reason;
4.转折关系 but, however, yet, contrarily, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately;
5.让步关系 although, though, even though, even if, even, nevertheless, despite, in spite of; regardless of; anyway, anyhow
6.列举（顺序）关系 first\second\last of all, in the first place\in the second place\finally, to begin with\ to continue, first……then, on one hand……on the other hand, for one thing……for another, one……another, some……others……still others;
7.对比关系 while, whereas, as, / rather than, instead of, not….. but;
8.时间关系 when, whenever, before, after, since, as, while, until, till, simultaneously, meanwhile, in the meantime, at the same time;
9.条件关系 if, only if, if only, unless, otherwise, as soon as, as long as, in case, suppose that, supposing that, provided that, providing that, when, whenever, with;
10.举例关系 such as, for example, for instance, of (these, those, them), among (these, those, them), to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely

Answer 4

英语关联词 —并列连词 1
并列连词 在句子中不做成分,仅表示前后关系.
1.用于连接彼此互补依存的对等的成分.
1)连接语词:slow but safe/ either this
week or next week
2)连接分句:I went and she also.
2.可分别表示下列关系.
1)转折:but, yet, however, neverthe-
less
2) 因果:so, for, therefore
3) 选择:or, either…or, neither…nor
英语关联词 —并列连接词 2
4)并列和递进:and,both…and, as well as
not only…but (also)
英语关联词 —关联词
关联词 用于引导从句.
1.名词从句: He doesn't know what she is.
2.副词从句:If he comes, I'll give it
to you.
3.形容词从句:He's the best student I've
ever taught.
英语关联词 —连接词 1
关联词的类别及所表示的关系 要特别注意关联词在从句中(及某些连接词在短语中)所担当的成分,这是正确使用关连词的关键.
1.连接词:引导名词从句,在从句中不做成分.
1) that(无含义):
I said that he was wrong.
2) whether(if)(表示不确定性或选择关系):
I don't know whether it is correct.
英语关联词 —连接词 2

2.连接代词
1)引导名词从句,在从句中做主语,宾语,表语和
定语.
A. who/which 作主语(口语who中可做宾语,
但其前面不可有与其配合使用的介词):
I asked him who came into the
room./ I asked him who(m) he saw
whom/which 做宾语:
Ask him which he wants.
英语关联词 —关联词 3
C. whose 做宾语(=whose thing(s)) /定
语:
I wonder whose house that is.
D. what 做上面提及的各种成分:
I don't know what I should do.
What can be done
2)与不定式连用,在其中多做主语和宾语.
We can't decide whom to invite.
We must decide what to do.
I couldn't decide which to choose.
英语关联词 —关联词 4
3.连接副词 引导名词从句或与不定式连用,在从句
中做状语.
1) how: That's how I look at it.
2) where: I don't know where he lives.
3) when: Tell me when to use the tool.
4) why: I'll tell you why you have to
do it.
英语关联词 —关系词 1
4.关系代词
1) who 表示人,在从句中做主语和表语(口语
who中可做宾语,但其前面不可有与其配合使用
的介词):
The man who spoke is my teacher.
I don't know who he is.
The man who I saw told me that.
2) whom 表示人,在从句中做宾语和表语:
The man whom I saw told me that.
英语关联词 —关系词 2
3) whose 表示"某人/物的",of which表示
"某物的", 在从句中做定语:
That's the man whose son is my
pupil.
The room whose window faces south
is her bedroom.
The room of which the window faces
south is her bedroom.
英语关联词 —关系词 3
4) which 表示物,在从句中做主语和表语:
I like the picture which was taken
in front of the main building.
5) that 表示人/物,在从句中做主语和宾语; 注
意下列关于that作为关系代词的用法.
A.现行词前有最高级形容词修饰时:
This is the best film that I've
ever seen.
英语关联词 —关系词 4
B.先行词是下列词语或为其所修饰修饰时:
the first, the last, the only, the
same, the very, all, any, no,
every.
This is the last chance that you
have.
You are the only friend that I
have.
He told me all that he knew.
英语关联词 —关系词 5
C. 先行词是下列不定代词或为其所修饰修饰时:
much, little, none, everything/body,
nothing, nobody.
There's nothing in the world that
can frighten him.
D. 以Who/Which开始的句子,其后的定语从句中
的关系代词不使用who/which,而代之以that.
Who that knows him would trust him
Which of these buses is the one
that goes to London
英语关联词 —关系词 6
E.人和事物/动物同为先行词时:
The man and the horse that fell
into the river were drowned.
6) 关系代词做介词宾语.
A.一般介词可放在whom/which的前面或其所
在的从句的句尾,关系代词为that时,只可
放在其所在的从句的句尾.
Is this the car for which you
paid a high price
英语关联词 —关系词 7
Is this the car which you paid
a high price for
Is this the car that you paid a
high price for
Is this the car you paid a high
price for
B.介词during, except以及表示(从整体中)
"分割"(出部分)的介词of等介词要放在关
系代词的前面:
英语关联词 —关系词 8
The years during which he was away
were long years to her.
He wrote many books, some of which
C.其介词与动词不可分割的短语动词中的介词必
须放在其动词之后,不可放在关系代词之前:
This is the book which he has been
looking for.
7)关系代词的省略.
A.关系代词作宾语时:
The girl I work with is coming.
英语关联词 —关系词 9
B.that在定语从句中做表语时:
He is not the man that he was
when I saw him first.
He is not the man he was when I
saw him first.
5.关系副词 在定语从句中均做状语.
1)where 地点:
That's one point where I'd like
your advice.
英语关联词 —关系词 10
2) when 时间:
At the time when I saw him, he was
ill.
3) why 原因:
That is the reason why I came so
early.
4) that 方式/时间/原因
I like the way that /in which he
did it.
英语关联词 —关系词 11
That was the first time (that) I saw
him.
The reason why/that he was dismissed
is not easy to explain.
5)in which/at which = where
This is the school in which/at which/
where he works.
6)for which = why
I don't the reason for which he left.
英语关联词 —关系词 12
7)on which = when
The day on which she was born was 22
September, 1988.

Answer 5

英语文章中常见的逻辑关系 
1.并列关系 
and, and also, or, neither……nor, either……or, not only……but also, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, same……as;  2.递进关系 
also, then, besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more; indeed; 3.因果关系  
because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…..that, such…..that, in order that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, because of, considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, lest, as a result, for this reason; 4.转折关系 
but, however, yet, contrarily, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately;   5.让步关系 
although, though, even though, even if, even, nevertheless, despite, in spite of; regardless of; anyway, anyhow  6.列举（顺序）关系 
first\second\last of all, in the first place\in the second place\finally, to begin with\ to continue, first……then, on one hand……on the other hand, for one thing……for another, one……another, some……others……still others;  7.对比关系 
while, whereas, as, / rather than, instead of, not….. but; 8.时间关系  
when, whenever, before, after, since, as, while, until, till, simultaneously, meanwhile, in the meantime, at the same time; 9.条件关系 
if, only if, if only, unless, otherwise, as soon as, as long as, in case, suppose that, supposing that, provided that, providing that, when, whenever, with; 10.举例关系 
such as, for example, for instance, of (these, those, them), among (these, those, them), to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely