Question

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Deltaic processes
Knowledge of sedimentary processes associated with the development of deltas has only recently approached the level of that for delta morphology and stratigraphy. Beginning in the 1950s and continuing to the present, much effort has been expended in understanding the complexities of deltaic processes, which are complicated by the interaction of riverine processes with those of the marine environment.
A number of processes shares control over delta development and maintenance. Some of these operate on, or adjacent to, the delta and others may be geographically remote from the delta itself. Among the latter are climate, relief in the drainage basin, sediment yield, and the water discharge regime. In some respects climate may be the most influential of all the processes that affect deltas. It controls not only the amount and temporal distribution of water discharge but also the vegetation, weathering, and soil development, and to some extent, the relief in the drainage basin. Obviously, the latter factors strongly influence the nature and volume of sediment discharged through the river mouth.

Riverine processes
For initial purposes of discussion it is best to consider the relatively simple river mouth situation, where tides are negligible and wave power is minimal. These circumstances result in a river-dominated situation such as occurs in lakes, estuaries, enclosed seas, or where there are broad, flat, offshore slopes. Under these conditions three primary forces dominate: inertia, bed friction, and buoyancy. Factors such as discharge, outflow velocity, water depth, size and amount of particles in the sediment load, and the density contrast between the river and basin waters determine which of the three forces controls the riverine processes on the delta.
Convergence of flower near the bottom results in sediment accumulation in the form of straight subaqueous levees. A distributary-mouth bar accumulates about four to six channel widths to seaward. Due to flow convergence, the coarsest particles are restricted to a narrow region. As the distributary-mouth area progrades, these bar sands develop into the bar-finger sands. Particles size decreases seaward down the distal front of the bar.

Answer 1

三角洲活动
与三角洲的形成有关的沉积过程的知识仅仅达到了解的三角洲形态和地层的程度。20世纪50年代开始,人们已经在认识三角洲形成过程的复杂性上花费了大量精力,而三角洲的形成与河流变化过程和海洋环境的相互作用并生。
大量活动共同控制三角洲的形成和维护。一些这样的活动作用于或邻近三角洲和其他在地理位置上可能离三角洲本身很的结构。后者包括气候、流域的立体结构、产沙量和水排放的体制。从某方面说,气候可能影响三角洲的活动中最有影响力的。它不但操纵排水量的数量和时间分布，影响植被、风化、土壤的形成,并在某种程度上影响流域的立体结构。很明显,后者强烈影响河口排沙率的质与量。
河流活动
作为讨论的最初目的，考虑相对简单的河口潮汐的情况是最好的，这种情况下潮汐微不足道波动能最小。这种情况导致河流主导的情况发生在湖泊、河川、内海或者宽广、平坦的岸外坡。在这样的情况下,三个主要力量：惯性、河床摩擦、浮力起主导作用。如流量、流速、水深、河流输沙颗粒的大小和数量，以及河流和海湾间的密度差等因素促成三种力控制的作用于三角洲的河流活动。
水流在河底的集中流动导致沉淀物以水下堤坝的形式沉积。支流河口面海的沙洲积累约4到6水道宽度。由于水流的聚集，最粗糙的颗粒被限制在一个小范围里。在支流河口区域运动时，这些沙洲的沙发展成指状沙坝。微粒大小沿海的沙洲末梢方向减小。

Answer 2

三角洲进程（Deltaic processes）

   沉积过程的有关知识与三角洲的发展只是最近接近的水平，为三角洲的形态和地层学。从 1950年代开始，持续到现在，已经花费了很大的努力在认识过程的复杂性的三角洲，这是复杂的，互动的过程与这些河流对海洋环境。（ Knowledge of sedimentary processes associated with the development of deltas has only recently approached the level of that for delta morphology and stratigraphy. Beginning in the 1950s and continuing to the present, much effort has been expended in understanding the complexities of deltaic processes, which are complicated by the interaction of riverine processes with those of the marine environment.）

   一个数字的进程股份控制三角洲开发和维护。其中一些操作，或毗邻，三角洲和其他人可能在地理上远离三角洲本身。其中后者是气候，救济在流域，产沙，水排放制度。在某些方面的气候可能是最有影响力的所有进程的影响三角洲。它不仅控制的数量和时空分布的水的排放，而且植被，风化，土壤发育，并在一定程度上缓解了流域。（A number of processes shares control over delta development and maintenance. Some of these operate on, or adjacent to, the delta and others may be geographically remote from the delta itself. Among the latter are climate, relief in the drainage basin, sediment yield, and the water discharge regime. In some respects climate may be the most influential of all the processes that affect deltas. It controls not only the amount and temporal distribution of water discharge but also the vegetation, weathering, and soil development, and to some extent, the relief in the drainage basin. Obviousl）