初三英语短文改错
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认真分析历年高考短文改错题不难发现,历年高考注重考查名词、冠词、代词、介词、形容词、副词、连词、动词、动词时态,动词语态、主谓语一致等语法知识.显然,熟悉错误规律把握改正方法是提高短文改错题得分的关键.
一、名词的错误规律和改正方法
名词错误主要体现在名词单复数错误,确定名词单复数有以下几种方法：看修饰语；看主谓语一致性；可数名词前无单数修饰语一定要用复数；看其它限制.
例 You can find all kinds of information in just a few minute on the Internet. (04全国IV)
析：a few应修饰复数可数名词,因此minute应改为minutes.
二、冠词的错误规律和改正方法
冠词常见错误有：表特指不用the；表一……不用a/an；a与an混用.考生应增强冠词常见错误识别意识.
例 As we all left home at ∧ early age, we met lots of problems in our daily life. (04天津)
析：此处有一……之意,at后面应加an.
三、连词的错误规律和改正方法
出现并列句和主从复合句时,考生应分析句子逻辑关系,出现定语从句时考生应分析先行词在从句中的作用,从而正确使用连词.
1.连词的一般性错误
例 I don’t know that they don’t like to talk with me. (04全国I)
析：分析语境逻辑可知,此处表为什么,that应改为why.
2.连词的对称性错误
例 I am thinking of making a trip to London, and visit the British Museum and some parks. (04全国II)
析：根据and的对称性应将visit改成visiting,与making一起共同作为介词of的宾语.
四、形容词、副词的错误规律和改正方法
这类错误主要为形容词与副词混用错误,解题时应把握形容词与副词本身区别：修饰联系动词及名词用形容词；修饰行为动词、形容词、过去分词及整个句子用副词.
例 Finding information on the Net is easily. (04全国IV)
析：is为联系动词,应用形容词修饰,easily应改为easy.
五、代词的错误规律和改正方法
解题时考生应细心分析每个动作的执行者与承受者,从而准确确定人称代词.
1.人称代词的偷换错误
例 I wrote down new words and added it to my collection. (04重庆)
析：此处应指代上文words,it应改为them.
2.缺少人称代词错误
例 Luckily, the teacher did not punish ∧ for cheating but instead gave me a second chance. (04湖南)
析：punish为及物动词,根据语境逻辑其后应加me.
3.人称代词属格错误
例 We had to do the washing, cleaning and shopping by us. (04天津)
析：此处介词宾语与主语指同一人,应用反身代词形式,因此,us应改为ourselves.
六、动词时态的错误规律和改正方法
解题时考生应借助于特定语境、特定时间状语、特定句意及逻辑关系或连词的对称性原则,从而正确调整时态.
1.根据时态环境用错时态
例 We were living in a big family. We treat each other as brothers and sisters. (04天津)
析：前句动词were living及上下文其它动词表明本文时态环境为一般过去时,因此treat应改为treated.
2.根据时间状语用错时态
例 By the end of last year, my collection has grown to 3,000 words (04重庆)
析：By the end of last year为过去完成标志,应用过去完成时,has应改为had.
3.根据句意及逻辑关系用错了时态
例 I don’t know what to say. (04湖南)
析：析语境可知,我不知道该说什么应为过去性动作,don’t应改为didn’t.
4.根据连词的对称性原则用错时态
例 At once I apologize and controlled myself at my best till the dinner started. (04江苏)
析：根据and的对称性原则结合原文时态环境应将apologize改为apologized,以与后面的controlled在时态上保持一致.
七、语态的错误规律和改正方法
语态错误主要体现在该用主动语态却用被动语态,该用被动语态却用主动语态.考生应根据句意分析主语和动作的执行与承受关系,从而使用正确的语态.
例 As we were all left home at an early age, we met lots of problems in our daily life. (04天津)
析：leave表离开时无被动语态,应去掉were.
八、主谓语一致错误规律和改正方法
主谓语一致错误常设计为主语为复数动词却用单数,或主语为单数动词却用复数.解题时考生应认真分析主语的单复数,并配之以单复数形式正确的动词.
例 But not all information are good to society (04全国IV)
析：主语information为不可数名词,所以谓语动词应用单数,are应改为is.
九、动词错误规律和改正方法
解题时考生应以动词为突破口,分析句子是否有动词,其含义和形式是否正确.
1.少用实义动词(尤其缺be)错误
例 I often dream of ∧ a teacher. (04湖北)
析：此处缺少实义动词,应在of后面加being或becoming,表成为.
2.动词误用错误
例 Maybe you could come during the winter holidays. Uncle Ben will also go back for Christmas.(NMET 95)
析：前句动词用come,后句go前边的also表也,所以go应改为come.
十、非谓语动词错误
非谓语动词错误主要表现为动词与非谓语动词混用错误及非谓语动词各种形式混用错误.考生应注意只要不做谓语就不能用动词形式而只能用非谓语动词形式,并学会根据非谓语成份选用非谓语动词形式.尤其值得一提的是,作主语或宾语由不定式或动名词担任,作目的状语由不定式担任,作伴随状语由现在分词担任.
例 Shake her head, she said, ‘It isn’t a good time to do that, dear.’
析：分析语境逻辑和句子成份可知,此处应作伴随状语,因此Shake应改为Shaking.
十一、介词错误规律和改正方法
介词的把握除了掌握介词的含义和用法外,还应多记固定搭配.另外熟悉介词宾语的表现形式也很重要.
1.介词的一般性错误,即多用、少用、误用介词错误.
例 I’m sure they will laugh to me and see me as a fool. (04全国I)
析：表嘲笑应用laugh at短语,to应改为at.
2.介词后不用宾格人称代词错误
例 And I can't forget the food you cooked for I . (NMET 95)
析：for为介词,后边应接宾格人称代词,所以I应改为me.
3.介词后动词不用动名词错误
例 It’s like going to a huge library without have to walk abroad to find your books
一、名词的错误规律和改正方法
名词错误主要体现在名词单复数错误,确定名词单复数有以下几种方法：看修饰语；看主谓语一致性；可数名词前无单数修饰语一定要用复数；看其它限制.
例 You can find all kinds of information in just a few minute on the Internet. (04全国IV)
析：a few应修饰复数可数名词,因此minute应改为minutes.
二、冠词的错误规律和改正方法
冠词常见错误有：表特指不用the；表一……不用a/an；a与an混用.考生应增强冠词常见错误识别意识.
例 As we all left home at ∧ early age, we met lots of problems in our daily life. (04天津)
析：此处有一……之意,at后面应加an.
三、连词的错误规律和改正方法
出现并列句和主从复合句时,考生应分析句子逻辑关系,出现定语从句时考生应分析先行词在从句中的作用,从而正确使用连词.
1.连词的一般性错误
例 I don’t know that they don’t like to talk with me. (04全国I)
析：分析语境逻辑可知,此处表为什么,that应改为why.
2.连词的对称性错误
例 I am thinking of making a trip to London, and visit the British Museum and some parks. (04全国II)
析：根据and的对称性应将visit改成visiting,与making一起共同作为介词of的宾语.
四、形容词、副词的错误规律和改正方法
这类错误主要为形容词与副词混用错误,解题时应把握形容词与副词本身区别：修饰联系动词及名词用形容词；修饰行为动词、形容词、过去分词及整个句子用副词.
例 Finding information on the Net is easily. (04全国IV)
析：is为联系动词,应用形容词修饰,easily应改为easy.
五、代词的错误规律和改正方法
解题时考生应细心分析每个动作的执行者与承受者,从而准确确定人称代词.
1.人称代词的偷换错误
例 I wrote down new words and added it to my collection. (04重庆)
析：此处应指代上文words,it应改为them.
2.缺少人称代词错误
例 Luckily, the teacher did not punish ∧ for cheating but instead gave me a second chance. (04湖南)
析：punish为及物动词,根据语境逻辑其后应加me.
3.人称代词属格错误
例 We had to do the washing, cleaning and shopping by us. (04天津)
析：此处介词宾语与主语指同一人,应用反身代词形式,因此,us应改为ourselves.
六、动词时态的错误规律和改正方法
解题时考生应借助于特定语境、特定时间状语、特定句意及逻辑关系或连词的对称性原则,从而正确调整时态.
1.根据时态环境用错时态
例 We were living in a big family. We treat each other as brothers and sisters. (04天津)
析：前句动词were living及上下文其它动词表明本文时态环境为一般过去时,因此treat应改为treated.
2.根据时间状语用错时态
例 By the end of last year, my collection has grown to 3,000 words (04重庆)
析：By the end of last year为过去完成标志,应用过去完成时,has应改为had.
3.根据句意及逻辑关系用错了时态
例 I don’t know what to say. (04湖南)
析：析语境可知,我不知道该说什么应为过去性动作,don’t应改为didn’t.
4.根据连词的对称性原则用错时态
例 At once I apologize and controlled myself at my best till the dinner started. (04江苏)
析：根据and的对称性原则结合原文时态环境应将apologize改为apologized,以与后面的controlled在时态上保持一致.
七、语态的错误规律和改正方法
语态错误主要体现在该用主动语态却用被动语态,该用被动语态却用主动语态.考生应根据句意分析主语和动作的执行与承受关系,从而使用正确的语态.
例 As we were all left home at an early age, we met lots of problems in our daily life. (04天津)
析：leave表离开时无被动语态,应去掉were.
八、主谓语一致错误规律和改正方法
主谓语一致错误常设计为主语为复数动词却用单数,或主语为单数动词却用复数.解题时考生应认真分析主语的单复数,并配之以单复数形式正确的动词.
例 But not all information are good to society (04全国IV)
析：主语information为不可数名词,所以谓语动词应用单数,are应改为is.
九、动词错误规律和改正方法
解题时考生应以动词为突破口,分析句子是否有动词,其含义和形式是否正确.
1.少用实义动词(尤其缺be)错误
例 I often dream of ∧ a teacher. (04湖北)
析：此处缺少实义动词,应在of后面加being或becoming,表成为.
2.动词误用错误
例 Maybe you could come during the winter holidays. Uncle Ben will also go back for Christmas.(NMET 95)
析：前句动词用come,后句go前边的also表也,所以go应改为come.
十、非谓语动词错误
非谓语动词错误主要表现为动词与非谓语动词混用错误及非谓语动词各种形式混用错误.考生应注意只要不做谓语就不能用动词形式而只能用非谓语动词形式,并学会根据非谓语成份选用非谓语动词形式.尤其值得一提的是,作主语或宾语由不定式或动名词担任,作目的状语由不定式担任,作伴随状语由现在分词担任.
例 Shake her head, she said, ‘It isn’t a good time to do that, dear.’
析：分析语境逻辑和句子成份可知,此处应作伴随状语,因此Shake应改为Shaking.
十一、介词错误规律和改正方法
介词的把握除了掌握介词的含义和用法外,还应多记固定搭配.另外熟悉介词宾语的表现形式也很重要.
1.介词的一般性错误,即多用、少用、误用介词错误.
例 I’m sure they will laugh to me and see me as a fool. (04全国I)
析：表嘲笑应用laugh at短语,to应改为at.
2.介词后不用宾格人称代词错误
例 And I can't forget the food you cooked for I . (NMET 95)
析：for为介词,后边应接宾格人称代词,所以I应改为me.
3.介词后动词不用动名词错误
例 It’s like going to a huge library without have to walk abroad to find your books
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第一行：let me to sit 去掉to，改成let me sit
第二行：to old house --- to the old house
第二行：he shows me ---- he showed me
第三行：other child --- other children
第三行：boy does --- boy did
第四行：you are --- you were
第四行：boy, either --- boy, too
第五行：I were --- I was
第五行：to be --- being
第六行：for him --- with him
希望能帮到你。
第二行：to old house --- to the old house
第二行：he shows me ---- he showed me
第三行：other child --- other children
第三行：boy does --- boy did
第四行：you are --- you were
第四行：boy, either --- boy, too
第五行：I were --- I was
第五行：to be --- being
第六行：for him --- with him
希望能帮到你。
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否定句句末用either
应该是把exciting改为excited吧?
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