定语从句所有引导词(详解)
2019-03-02 · 知道合伙人教育行家
英语中,将在复合句中作定语,修饰主句中的名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语型帆从句所修饰的词叫先行词,放在定语从句之前。
引导定语从句的引导词(也叫关联词)可以是关系代词(that, which, who, whom, whose)或者关系副词(when, where, why)。
引导词通常位于先行词和定语从句之间,它既起联系作用,又充当从句中的某个句子成分。
定语从句的基本结构是:先行词 + 引导词 + 定语从句。
定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类别:
1. 限制性定语从句是先行词必不可少的定语,与主句关系十分密切,如果被删去,则主句的意义就1不完整甚至失去意义,书写时主从句之间不可用逗号分开。
2. 非限制性定语从句是对先行词附加的文字说明作用,与主句关系不是很密切,如果被删去,也并不影响逐句的意思和完整性,书写时主从句之间往往用逗号分开。
一、判断定语从句引导词的一般规律:
(一)关系代词
1. that既可用来指代人也可用来指代事物,在从句中充当主语或宾语。
Who’s the boy that is reading a book?
正在看书的这个男孩是谁?(指人,作主语)
The man that you talked to is my uncle.
和你说话的那个人是我叔叔。(指人,作宾语)
The train that has just left is for Shanghai.
刚发车的这趟列车是去上海的。(指物,作主语)
Show me the photo (that) you like best.
把你最喜欢的照片给我看看吗。(指物,作宾语)
2. whose既可用来指代人也可用来指代事物,在从句中充当定语。
This is the girl whose math book is lost.
这就是丢了数学书的女孩。(指人,作定语)
The house whose windows are closed is mine.
窗户都关着的这栋房子就是我家。(指物,作定语)
3. which用来指代事物,在从句中作主语或宾语。
Look at the kites which are flying in the sky.
瞧瞧那些在空中飞舞的风筝。(指物,作主语)
The pen (which) I’m using is pretty good.
我正在用的这支笔相当好。(指物,作宾语)
4. who用来指人,在从句中作主语或宾语。
Could you recognize the thief who stole your things?
你能认出偷了你的东西的那个小偷吗?(作主语)
The man (who) you want to meet has come.
你要见的人来了。(作宾语)
5. whom用来指运链人,在从句中作宾语。
I’d like to make friends with the girl whom you are talking to.
我想和与你说话的女孩交朋友。(作介词宾语)
The man (whom) you want to meet has come.
你要见的人来了。(作动词宾语)
(二)关系副词
1. when表示时间卜悄雹,在定语从句中作时间状语。
Could you still remember the time when the train left?
你还记得列车发车的时间吗?
I’ll never forget the date when I joined the League.
我绝不会忘记我入团的日期。
2. where表示地点,在从句中作地点状语。
Is this the shoe factory where your father works?
这是你父亲工作的鞋厂吗?
Please show me the place where the accident happened.
请带我到事故发生的现场去。
3. why表示原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,其先行词通常是reason一词。
Do you know the reason why he was late for school?
你知道他上学迟到的原因吗?
Please tell me the reason why you won’t come.
请告诉我你不能来的原因。
二、关系代词的省略问题
1.who,whom,that,which在从句中作宾语时,往往被省略,尤其是在口语和非正式文体中。
2.关系代词who,whom,that,which在从句中作介词宾语时,不可省。
3.关系代词who,that,which在从句中作主语时,不可省。
4.关系代词whose在任何情况下都不能省略。
三、只能用that作引导词的定语从句
1.先行词指物时,只能用that作引导词的定语从句:
1)先行词是指物的all, little, few, much, any, anything, something, everything, nothing, none, the one时。
All that I can do has been done. 我能做的都已经做了。
He won’t tell you anything that he has heard about it.
他不会告诉你他所听到的有关它的任何情况。
2)先行词前有all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修饰时。
There is little work that is fit for you. 没什么工作适合你做。
I have eaten all the food that is left. 我把剩下的食物都吃了。
3)先行词为what或which时,为避免重复,多用that。
Which is the house that caught fire yesterday? 昨天失火的是那座房子?
4)先行词是there be 句型中的主语,且指物时。
There are some apples on the table that are nice and sweet.桌子上有些非常甜的苹果。
5)先行词作主句的表语时。
It’s a book that will help you a lot. 这是一本对你有很大帮助的书。
2. 先行词指人时,只能用that作引导词的定语从句:
主句是以who开头的特殊问句时。
Who’s the man that the teacher is talking to? 和老师谈话的这个人是谁?
3. 不管先行词指人还是指物, 只能用引导词that的定语从句:
1)先行词被序数词以及last, next等修饰时。
It’s the last bus that you can catch. 这是你可以赶上的末班车。
He stopped the fourth thief who was running away.
他把准备逃跑的第四个小偷拦截下来了。
2)先行词是名词化的最高级形容词,或者先行词被最高级形容词修饰时。
You can choose the best that you think. 你可选你认为最好的。
This is the best film that I have seen. 这是我看过最好的影片。
He’s the finest men that I have ever worked with.他是我共事过的最好的人。
3)先行词是数词时。
---I have two smart birds.我养了两只可爱的鸟。
---Are they the two that you bought last week? 是你上星期买的这两只吗?
4)先行词被the only, the very,the last, the just, the same 等修饰时。例如:
You’ve the only person that I met here.
你是我在这儿遇见的唯一的一个人。
This is the very shirt that I am looking for.
这正是我一直在寻找的衬衫。
5)引导词为从句的表语时。例如:
She’s not the girl that she used to be.
她不再是过去的她了。
6)先行词同时包括人和物时。例如:
We often talk about the people and the things that we are interested in.
我们常常谈论我们感兴趣的人和事。
四、先行词指事物时,只能用which做引导词的定语从句
1. 引导先行词为事物的非限制性定语从句时。
My dog ,which is now very old, became ill yesterday.
我家的狗昨天病了,它已经非常老了。
The pen, which writes very well, cost me RMB 20.
这支笔花了我20元,它非常好写。
2. 关系代词前有介词时。
This is the classroom in which we studied last year.
这是我们去年在里面学习的教室。
Have you ever been to a farm on which there is a small zoo?
你曾经到过有个小动物园的农场吗?
五、先行词指人时,只能用who作引导词的定语从句:
1、关系代词在从句中作主语时,通常用who。
The boy who helped you is my younger brother.
帮你忙的那个男孩是我弟弟。
Is the woman who rides a red bike every day your aunt?
每天都骑着一辆红色自行车那个女人是你姑姑吗?
2、先行词为指人的all, one,ones,someone,anyone, everyone,no one等代词时。
One who doesn’t work hard will never get happiness. 不努力工作的人,永远得不到幸福。
Do you know anyone who can mend locks? 你认识会修锁的人吗?
3、先行词是there be句型中的主语,且指人时。
There is a stranger who wants to see you.
有个陌生人想要见你。
Once there was king who was very silly.
从前,有个非常愚蠢的国王。
4、在非限制性定语从句中。
His father, who was ill in hospital for a year, died yesterday.
他父亲住了一年的院,昨天过世了。
I know the woman very well,who often wears a red T-shirt.
我非常了解那个妇女,她经常穿着一件红体恤衫。
5、在被分隔的定语从句中。
I know the woman very well who often wears a red T-shirt.
我对经常穿着一件红体恤衫那个妇女非常了解。
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
教你们德语的新老师明天就会来。
谢谢
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补充楼上的回答。
关系副词者宏that的用法。that充当关系副词只能引导限制性定语从句,其作用相当于:“when,where,why ,或介词+关系代词”,在从句中充当时间、地点、方式、原因状语等.这种用法的that也可以省略。如:
在定语从句中作时间状语.现行词有:each time, every time, anytime, the first time, the moment, the minute, the hour, etc. 但现代英语中,that往往省略.如:Each time (that) I meet him, he will smile and say “hello”. 每次我会见他时,他都会笑着说“喂,你好!”
2. 在定语从句中作方式状语, 现行词是way, 如:Can you show me the way (that/in which) you solve the problem like this? 请告诉我你解决这类问题的方法好吗?
3. 在定语从句中作原因状语,现行词只有reason一词,如:I don’t know the reason (that/why/for which) he has left school now. 我不知道他辍学的原因.4. 在定语从句中作地点状语。如: We need a place (that/where /at which ) we can stay for a few days.我们需要一个可以暂住几天的地方
5,在定语从句中做其他状语,现行词如price, speed等,如:I think the price (that/at which ) she sells her apple is too high. 我认为她卖苹果的价格太高.
在英语关系代词中,but,as,than也可以作关系代词引导定语从句:
一,but既可指人,也可指物,常在定语从句中充当主语。but本身含"否定"的意思,其作用相当于"that /which /who...not"。它前面的先行词通常有"否定"的词(如:no,not, little,few,hardly等)。but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用,达到强烈肯定的修饰效果。例如:
There is no mother but loves her own children.(=There is no mother that/who does not love her own children.)
没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。
二、as既可指人,也可指物,常在限制性定语从句中充当主、宾、表语。as引导的定语从句的先行词前面常有as /such /the same等修饰词。例如:
1.He is as brave a man as ever lived.
他是世界上最勇敢的人。
2.Don’t read such books as are not worth reading.
不要读那些不值得读的书。
as作关系代词,还可用来引导非限制性定语从句,
as引导的定语从句可放在句首、句中或句末。例如:
As we all know,Taiwan is an inseparable part of China.
三、than既可指人,也可指物,可作关系代词来引导定语从句。than前通常有表比较的词。例如:Fewer friends than we had expected came to our evening party.来参加晚会的朋友比我们预料的还要少。
四、在使用上述三个特殊的关系代词时,还要注意区分下列两个词组:
1、"such...that..."表"如此……以致……"的意思,用来引导一个结果状语从句;而"such.铅嫌迟..as..."表"像……这(那)样"的意思,用来引导定语从句,as在定语从句中充当主、宾、表语等。试比较下列两个句子:
1)He is such an honest man that we respect him.
他是一个如此诚实的人以致我们都尊敬他。
2)He is such an honest man as we respect.
他像我们所尊敬的那种诚实的人。
2、"the same...that..."表同一人或物,而"the same...as..."表同种类的东西。试比较下列两个句子:
1)This is the same book that I lost.
这就是我丢失的那一槐李本书。(指同一本书)
2)This is the same book as I lost.
我丢失的那一本书一模一样。(并不是原来的那一本)
(一) 定语从句
在复合句中作定语,修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
(二) 先行词
被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。一般情况下,定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。
(三)关系代词和关系副词
定语从句的引导词。与先行词关系密切,因此紧跟先行词,并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词有:who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外,as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词橘悄有:when, where和why。在定语从句中充当状语。
二、关系代词的用法
(一)基本用法
根据先行词的不同,和在从句中所充当的成分不同,选用不同的关系代词。
如下表:
关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注
关系代词 who 人 主语,宾语 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面圆冲渣关系代词不能省略,也不可以判耐用that
whom 人 宾语 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.
whose 人,物 定语 I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate.
that 人,物 主语,宾语 A plane is a machine that
关系代词有which,that,who,whom,whose,as
关系副词有where,when,why
定语 从句由关系词(关系携腔代羡隐喊词、关系副词)引导,关系代词、关系副词位于定语从句句首。