如图( a )所示,在足够长的光滑水平面上,放置一长为 L =1m、质量为 m 1 =0.5kg的木板 A ,一质量为
如图(a)所示,在足够长的光滑水平面上,放置一长为L=1m、质量为m1=0.5kg的木板A,一质量为m2=1kg的小物体B以初速度v0滑上A的上表面的同时对A施加一个水平...
如图( a )所示,在足够长的光滑水平面上,放置一长为 L =1m、质量为 m 1 =0.5kg的木板 A ,一质量为 m 2 =1kg的小物体 B 以初速度 v 0 滑上 A 的上表面的同时对 A 施加一个水平向右的力 F , A 与 B 之间的动摩擦因数为 μ =0.2, g =10m/s 2 ;小物体 B 在 A 上运动的路程 S 与 F 力的关系如图( b )所示。求: v 0 、 F 1 、 F 2 。
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(1)4m/s;(2)3N;(3)9N |
(1)由图象可看出当 F ≤1N时, B 物体在 A 板上的路程始终等于板长 L ,当 F =1N时,刚好不从 A 板右端掉下,此后 A 和 B 一起相对静止并加速运动。 设 B 物体的加速度为 a 2 , A 板的加速度为 a 1 ,分别由牛顿第二定律: μm 2 g = m 2 a 2 ············································································································ ① F + μm 2 g = m 1 a 1 ······································································································· ② 设 B 运动的位移为 S 2 , A 运动的位移为 S 1 ,经过 t 时间两者速度均为 v ,根据运动学公式: S B = t ············································································································· ③ S A = t ·················································································································· ④ v = v 0 - a 2 t = a 1 t ········································································································· ⑤ B 在 A 上相对 A 向右运动的路程 S = S B - S A ······································································ ⑥ 联立①②③④⑤⑥解得: S =··············································································· ⑦ 将 F =1N, S =1m代入,解得: v 0 =4m/s (2)根据⑦式分析可知,当1N≤ F ≤ F 1 时,随着 F 力增大, S 减小,当 F = F 1 时,出现 S 突变,说明此时 A 、 B 在达到共同速度后,恰好再次发生相对运动, B 将会从 A 板左端掉下。 对 A 、 B 恰好发生相对运动时, B 的加速度为 a 2 ,则整体加速度也为 a 2 ,由牛顿第二定律: F 1 =( m 1 + m 2 ) a 2 ········································································································ ⑧ 联立①⑧解得解得 F 1 =3N (3)此时 B 在 A 上运动的路程为 S 1 ==m 当 F ≥ F 1 时,物体 B 在 A 板上的路程为 B 相对 A 向右运动的路程的两倍。 故当 F = F 2 时,将 S =0.5 S 1 代入⑦式解得: F 2 =9N 【评析】本题考查牛顿运动定律。滑块问题是物理模型中非常重要的模型,是学生物理建模能力培养的典型模型。滑块问题的解决非常灵活,针对受力分析、运动分析以及牛顿第二定律的掌握,还有相对运动的分析,特别是摩擦力的变化与转型,都是难点所在。本题通过非常规的图象来分析滑块的运动,能从图中读懂物体的运动。 |
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