Question

英语非谓语语法？

新概念3第59课里的第一句 People tend to amass possessions, sometimes without being aware of doing so 请问without后面接的是动名词还是现在分词，在句子做状语吗？

Answer 1

without是一个介词。后面接的是是宾语成分。而作宾语的一般是动名词。不是现在分词，因为现在分词在句子里通常可以做状语，做定语。而做主语和宾语的都是动名词。

Answer 2

动词不定式——to do 的具体用法

1.做主语
动词不定式作主语时，常用 it 作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末。
(1) It +be+ 形容词 +（for sb.) +to do sth.
It’s important for us to protect animals.
(2) It +be+ 形容词 +（of sb.) +to do sth.
It’s clever of you to answer that question

2.做宾语
(1) 英语中能接不定式作宾语的主要动词口诀
三个希望两答应，( hope, wish, expect, agree,promise )
两个要求莫拒绝。( demand, ask, refuse )
设法学会做决定，( manage, learn, decide )
不要假装在选择。( pretend, choose)
打算提出俩计划，( intend, offer, plan, mean )
申请失败负担起，( apply, fail, afford )
准备愿望又碰巧。( prepare, desire, happen )

(2) 在 find, think, consider, feel, make, regard 等词后跟不定式作宾语时，常用 it 作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句末。
例如：I find it important to learn English.

3.做宾语补足语
动词不定式作宾语补足语时，它与宾语在逻辑上是主谓关系。可用动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：advise, allow, ask, cause, encourage,expect, force, invite, order, teach, tell, want 等。
例如：My mother asked me to clean my room.

注意：
◆ 不定式作宾语补足语省略 to 的动词有：
一感( feel )，
二听( hear, listen to )，
三让( make,let, have )，
四看( look at, see, notice, watch )。
但在变被动语态时要加上 to。
例如：I was made to wash my clothes.

4.做定语
I have something important to say.

5.做状语（表目的、原因、结果等）
He studies hard to get good grades.

6.常和疑问词 what, which, when, where, how连用，相当于一个宾语从句
I don’t know where to go.

02
动词-ing 形式的具体用法

1.做主语
Doing exercise is good for our health.

2.做宾语
(1) 后跟动名词作宾语的词和词组有：
完成实践值得忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy）；
继续习惯别放弃（keep on, be used to,give up）；
考虑建议不禁想（consider, suggest, can’t help, feel like）；
喜欢思念要介意（enjoy, miss, mind)。

(2)既可接动词不定式也可用动名词作宾语且在意义上差别很大的词有 forget, remember,regret, stop 等。

① 后接不定式作宾语指该不定式表示的动作还未发生；后接动名词作宾语指该动名词表示的动作已经发生。
I remembered closing the door.
我记着我关过门了。（门已经关了）
I will remember to close the door.
我会记着去关门的。（门还没有关）

② need, want, require 等表示“需要”的动词后接不定式和动名词均可，且含义相同；但是语态不同。接动名词时用主动表被动含义（物作主语）；接不定式表被动要用不定式的被动形式。
Those flowers need watering.
= Those flowers need to be watered.

3.做表语
My hobby is swimming.

03
分词的具体用法

分词分为现在分词和过去分词。在句中起形容词、副词的作用，可在句中作表语、定语、状语。

1.分词的时态
① 与主语动作同时发生且与主语动作为主动关系，用现在分词；
② 分词动作先于句子动词的动作，且强调先后，要用 having done；
③分词的否定式为 not+ 分词。
例如：Having finished the work, the man went home.

2.分词的语态
现在分词表主动；过去分词表被动；不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生。

3.分词作定语
①分词前置
China is a developing country and America is a developed country.

②分词后置
被修饰的名词是 something, anything, everything, nothing 等不定代词时，分词放在被修饰名词的后面。
例如：There is nothing exciting in today’s newspaper.

注意：过去分词作定语与其所修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
例如：Most people invited didn’t come. = Most people who were invited didn’t come.

4.分词作状语
① 现在分词表主动，动作正在进行；过去分词表被动，动作已经完成。

② 选择现在分词还是过去分词关键看主句的主语。如果分词的动作是由主语发出的，就选现在分词；反之，就用过去分词。
Founding no one in the room, he left.
Seen from the top of the mountain, the houses
look like match boxes（火柴盒）.

5.分词作宾语补足语
可以跟分词作宾语补足语的谓语动词有 see,watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等词。
例如：On my way to school, I saw David playing basketball.

6.分词作表语
The piano is broken. The movie is touching.

7.连词＋分词（短语）
为使分词短语和主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词 when, while, after, before 等。但切记，分词的主语必须和主句的主语为同一个。
例如：After finishing his work, the man went home.

Answer 3

非谓语动词由动词不定式，分词（现在、过去）和动名词构成，它们的逻辑主语是与它们在句子中所作成分有关：1，作状语时，其逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。如：Finishing his homework, he went out to play with his friends. ( Finishing... 作状语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语he）；Attracted by the interesting story, the students are all listening attentively. ( Attracted ... 作状语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语the students) 。 2, 作定语时，其逻辑主语是被修饰的词。如： The house to be built next year is our library. （to be built... 作定语，修饰the house, the house 是它逻辑主语。） 3, 作宾语补足语，宾语是其逻辑主语。如：The teacher made us do a lot of homework. ( do... 作宾语us的补足语，逻辑主语是宾语us）

Answer 4

非谓语动词由动词不定式，分词（现在、过去）和动名词构成，它们的逻辑主语是与它们在句子中所作成分有关：1，作状语时，其逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。如：Finishing his homework, he went out to play with his friends. ( Finishing... 作状语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语he）；Attracted by the interesting story, the students are all listening attentively. ( Attracted ... 作状语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语the students) 。 2, 作定语时，其逻辑主语是被修饰的词。如： The house to be built next year is our library. （to be built... 作定语，修饰the house, the house 是它逻辑主语。） 3, 作宾语补足语，宾语是其逻辑主语。如：The teacher made us do a lot of homework. ( do... 作宾语us的补足语，逻辑主语是宾语us）

Answer 5

　　非谓语：(to do/ doing / done) (By Yuan)
　　1.To do(to be done) / doing / done 作状语的区别：
　　To do(to be done)：作目的状语，结果状语(特定句型)
　　Doing(being done, having done )/done： 作伴随、时间、原因、让步、结果状语等。
　　1) complete the task ahead of time, they kept working throughout the night.
　　2) The spy broke into the bank, only find two policemen waiting for him with a gun.
　　3) He hurried back home, leave piles of work unfinished.
　　4) Defeat time and again, he still didn’t lose heart.
　　(分析：1)To/ In order to complete 目的 2)only to find 后接to do 形式,表示一种未预料的结果3)leaving 结果 4) Defeated让步)
　　2.To do(to be done) / doing / done 作定语的'区别：
　　To do(to be done)：多表示未完成的动作，和某些特定句型
　　doing ：(being done)：表示正在进行和经常性的动作
　　done ：被动,完成的动作和经常性的动作
　　1)The commander gave an order attack the enemy before dawn.
　　2)Who were the first people reach American continent.
　　3)People live in this area feed on rice.
　　4)Areas strike by a hurricane are usually in a mess before things return to normal.
　　(分析：1)to attack 未完成 2)to reach特定句型first/ second等序数词之后 3)living 主动经常性 4) struck/ stricken被动、经常性)
　　3.To do/to be done 与 to have done / to have been done: 后者表示动作发生在主动词之前。