高考英语翻译小窍门(2)
例1. A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.
原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料。
例2. By the end of the war， 800 people had been saved by the organization， but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.
大战结束时，这个组织拯救了八百人，但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。
例3. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes， and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，而且认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。
(4)翻译成汉语的无主句。例如：
例1. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.
应该尽最大努力告? nbsp|年轻人吸烟的危害，特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果。
例2. By this procedure， different honeys have been found to vary widely in the sensitivity of their inhibit to heat.
通过这种方法分析发现不同种类的蜂蜜的抗菌活动对热的敏感程度也极为不同。
例4. Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century， the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.
在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具，其中最奇特的也许就是气垫船了。
例5. New source of energy must be found， and this will take time…。
必须找到新的能源，这需要时间……
另外，下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译：
It is hoped that …希望……
It is reported that …据报道……
It is said that …据说……
It is supposed that …据推测……
It may be said without fear of exaggeration that …可以毫不夸张地说……
It must be admitted that …必须承认……
It must be pointed out that …必须指出……
It will be seen from this that …由此可见……
(5)翻译成带表语的主动句。例如：
例1. The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。
例2. On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence， but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared， and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同;他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。
(注意上述翻译技巧在该句翻译中的综合运用。)
2.译成汉语的被动语态。英语中的许多被动句可以翻译成汉语的被动句。常用“被”， “给”， “遭”， “挨”， “为……所”， “使”， “由…”， “受到”等表示。例如：
例1. Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature， not by Man.
地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。
例2. These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space.
这些讯号是由外层空间的星球碰撞或者核反应所造成的。
例3. Natural light or “white” light is actually made up of many colours.
自然光或者“白光”实际上是由许多种颜色组成的。
例4. The behaviour of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors， including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.
流体在管道中流动的情况，受到诸如流体粘度、泵送速度等各种因素的影响。
例5. They may have been a source of part of the atmosphere of the terrestrial planets， and they are believed to have been the planetesimal-like building blocks for some of the outer planets and their satellites.
它们可能一直是地球行星的一部分大气的来源。它们还被认为是构成外部行星以及其卫星的一种类似微星的基础材料。
例6. Over the years， tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.
工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
例7. Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
政府是以减少技术的经费投入来增加纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。
例8. The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time， and in any case， the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.
石油的供应可能随时会被中断;不管怎样，以目前的这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
三、形容词译法
英语和汉语语言结构和表达习惯有很多差异之处，翻译时往往能死扣原文逐词逐句译出。下面拟谈谈形容词的翻译问题。
(一)、一些原义并无否定意思的形容词和别的词搭配，有时可译成否定句。
1.These goods are in short supply.
这些货物供应不足。
2.This equation is far from being complicated.
这个方程一定也不复杂。
(二)、为了使译文自然流畅，读起来顺口，在一些形容词前可根据上下文内容加上副词“很”、“最”等字。
1.It was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.
这是我度过最愉快的一天。
2.It is easy to compress a gas.
气体很容易压缩。
(三)、有时可将英语的“形容词+名词短语”译成汉语的主谓结构。
1.She spoke in a high voice.
她讲话声音很尖。
2.This engine develops a high torque.
这台发动机产生的转矩很大。
(四)、如果一个名词前有几个形容词修饰，英译时应根据汉语习惯决定其顺序。
1.a large brick conference hall
一个用砖砌的大会议厅
2.a plastic garden chair
一把在花园里用的塑料椅子
(五)、英语中一些表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词，同连系动词构成复合谓语时，翻译时可将形容词译成动词。
1.You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.
你完全不懂你在婚姻方面承担的责任。
2.Such criticisms have become familiar in his later commentaries on America.
类似的批评在他后来写的评论美国的文章中屡见不鲜。
3.He is truly sorry for his past， and he has undertaken to give up motorcars entirely and for ever.
他诚恳地忏悔过去，并保证永远不再玩汽车。
(六)、由于语言习惯不同，英语里的形容词有时译成汉语副词。
1.I am going to be good and sweet and kind to every body.
我要对每一个人都亲切、温顺、和善。
2.He asked me for a full account of myself and family.
他详尽地问起我自己和我家里的情况。
3.Another war will be the absolute end of our country.
再来一次战争将彻底毁灭我们这个国家。
从以上几个方面可以看出，译好形容词是使译文通顺、流畅的一个环节
四、举例before和good具体译法
(一)连词before的含义是“在……以前”(previous to the time when)。在句法上，它引导状语从句。可见它的词义颇为单纯，功能比较专一。然而，由于汉英表达习惯的不同，在将before汉译时，其译法却多种多样。常见的有以下几种：
1，直译成“(在)……(以或之)前”。这时主句与before从句中的两个动作按时间先后依次发生。
Before I enter on the subject I have something to say.
在讨论这一问题之前，我有些话要说。
They led a miserable life before their hometown was liberated.
他们家乡解放前生活很苦。
2，译成“(后)……才”。副词“才”在汉语中表示某事发生得晚或慢。如果在含有before从句的复合句中，强调从句动作发生得晚或慢时，就可以应用这种译法。这里又有两种情况，一种是主句主语为名词或代词，另一种是主语与非人称it.
The train had left before he got to the station.火车开了他才到车站。
It seemed a long time before my turn came.似乎过了好大一会儿才轮到我。
3，连词before与barely， scarcely， hardly连用时还可译成“刚……就”。在汉语中，“就”强调事情发生得早或快。如果原文突出主句与从句的动作一前一后紧接着或几乎同时发生，即可用此译法。
