Question

定语从句的关系词、结构是怎样的？

我智商有限，好理解点哈哈

Answer 1

The Attributive Clause ( I )
1. Definition （定义）
定语从句: 在复合句中,修饰某个名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
被修饰的词称为先行词(antecedent )．
连接定语从句和先行词的词称为关系词。

2. 关系词：
关系代词(relative pronoun):
who,that ,which, whom,whose 作主语／宾语 / 定语
关系副词(relative adverb): when, where ,why 作状语

3. 关系词的作用
1）连接作用
2）替代作用
3）成分作用
Madame Curie is unforgettable because she is the first female who /that won the Nobel Prize.

4.关系词的选用
关系词的选用是依据先行词在定语从句中的所充当的成分来确定的。
Madame Curie is unforgettable because she is the first female who /that won the Nobel Prize.
Madame Curie is unforgettable because she is a scientist whose discoveries are very important
Madame Curie is unforgettable because she is a scientist whom/that we can learn much from.

Things / places
The Internet is unforgettable because it is a thing that/which has greatly changed our way of life.
The Internet is unforgettable because it is a necessity which /that modern life can’t go without.
The Internet is unforgettable because it is a thing whose functions (功能)are powerful.

5. 在下列情况关系代词只能用that而不用which。
先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, none, little,few, much等不定代词时。
eg. You must do everything that I do.
2) 先行词被all, every, no, any, little, much, some, just等修饰时。
eg. Is there any question that troubles you much ?
3) 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级以及the only, the very, the last等修饰时。
eg. James is the best singer that I have ever known.
4) 当先行词是人和物构成的词组时。
eg. They were talking about the people and places
( that ) they had visited.
5) 当句中有who 或which 时,为避免重复。
eg. Which is the book ( that ) he borrowed from the library ?
eg. Who is the person that is talking to our headmaster?
6). 关系代词在从句中作表语时;
eg.My hometown is no longer the village that it used to be.

由关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词在定语从句中相当于一个介词词组，通常在定语从句中是充当状语的，表示地点、时间或原因状语。
1. Where： 当先行词是表示地点的名词，且从句中缺少地点状语，此时使用where。
The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean. in the hotel in which
2. When: 当先行词是表示时间的名词，且从句中缺少时间状语，此时用when。
Do you remember the day when we met? on the day on which Morning is the best time when we practise reading
English aloud. in the morning in which
3.Why: 当先行词是reason，且从句中缺少原因状语，
此时用why 做关系词。
Can you tell me the reason why the little boy cried？for the reason for which
where/when/why= prep.+which
4.在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语句中, 介词在定语句中的位置一般有两种：1). 一些介词既可以放在关系代词的前面，也可以放在从句中。如：
I paid 2 dallors for the pen.
The pen which I paid 2 dollars for was lost.
= The pen for which I paid 2 dollars was lost.
The lady whom he was dancing with stepped on his foot.
= The lady with whom he was dancing stepped on his foot.
2). 在含有介词的动词短语中，介词一般不提前，如：
This is the very boy whom I have been looking for.
The old lady who needs to be taken care of has no children.
直接放在介词后面，不用that 。
先行词指人时介词后用whom, 指物用which。
5. 在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语句中，介词的选择一般采取以下几种方式：
1).根据先行词选择介词，如：
I still remember the day on which she first wore that pink dress
The pencil with which I wrote my homework was broken.
(句中介词with是根据先行词pencil来的。
with the pencil表示“用铅笔写”， 是固定搭配。)
2).根据从句中动词选择介词，如：
The girl about whom I talked with you yesterday will come to our school soon.
(句中介词about是根据词组talk about 来的。)
The hotel at which you stayed last year is being rebuilt now.
(stay at some places)
3).根据句意选择介词，如：
The brave man by whom the tiger was shot is a good hunter.
The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through which he could see what

定语从句的分类：
限制性定语从句和非限制性的定语从句
限制性定语从句不用逗号与主句分开，对所修饰的词起特指或限定的作用，去掉后意思不完整或不太清楚。翻译成中文时，一般把定语从句翻译在先行词之前。
引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which, of which和关系副词when, where, why等。
eg. This is the man who helped me.
I was the only person in our office that was invite to the palace ball.
非限制性的定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，只对被修饰的词语或主句起补充说明的作用，去掉后对句意影响不大。翻译时通常把定语从句翻译在先行词后边，作为附加说明。
引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有who,whom, whose, which, as和关系副词when, where，一般不用that 引导。
eg. I have two sisters, who are both doctors.
Last Sunday they reached Shanghai, where a meeting was holding.

定语从句的考查热点
1.间隔式定语从句
定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句先
行词之间有时会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定
语从句的隔离。
eg. This is the article written by him that I spoke to you about.
He was the only person in this country that was invited.
(1). 因定语从句过长，为使句子保持平衡，通常定语从句和其所修饰的名词或代词分开。
eg. The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that faraway villiage.
(2). 在定语从句中使用“插入语”以增加句子的灵活性。
eg. Kate was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which, of course, made the others unhappy.
The pen I thought I had lost is on my desk, right under my nose.
2.定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致。
当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中做主语时，定
语从句的谓语动词的数的形式应与先行词保持一致。
eg. I, who am your classmate, will try my best to help you.
He, who is your classmate, will try his best to help you.
注意句式：
one of + 复数名词+关系代词+复数动词
the (only/very) one of +复数名词+关系代词+单数动词
He is one of the students who have made great progress.
Tom is the only one of my friends who has been abroad.

Where引导的地点状语从句 与定语从句的区别:
1.Where there is a river, there is a city.= In the place where there is a river, there is a city.
2. You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them again.
= You should make it a rule to leave things in the place where you can find them again.
3. Go (to the place) where you like to go.
当where 引导的地点状语从时, 可换成含有定语从句
where 引导的从句 ,等于 in /to/ at the place where

Answer 2

定语从句
一、考点聚焦
1、功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语
2、位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后
Those who are willing to attend the party, sign here please.
3、先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词
（1）先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如:some-, any-, every-和no与-boy, -thing的合成词；或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词。数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作先行词。
（2）先行词与关系词是等量关系。必须注意两点：
①先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。
This is the place which is worth visiting.
②关系词在从句句子中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。
There are many places we can visit（them）in China.
4、关系词：引导定语从句的都称关系词
关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as。
关系副词：when, where, why。that偶尔也作关系副词。
5、确定关系词的步骤
（1）先找关系词，看先行词指的是什么。
（2）看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。
6、在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which
（1）先行词被①形容词最高级 ②序数词 ③数词几种词修饰或被 ④only、any、few、little、no、all、one of等修饰时。
（2）先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代词时。
（3）先行词中既有人又有物时。
He was looking pleasantly at te children and parcels that filled his bus.
（4）先行词在主句中作表语关系词在从句中作表语时。
The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.
（5）当主句中含有疑问词which时。
Which are the books that you bought for me ?
7、宜用which而不用that的情况
（1）在非限制性定语从句中
（2）在关系词前有介词时
（3）当先行词本身是that时
（4）当关系词离先行词较远时
8、关系词who与that指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词
（1）当主句是there be句型时，关系词用who。
（2）先行词是为anyone、those、someone、everyone、one等词时，关系词用who。
（3）当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。
Who is that girl that is standing by the window?
（4）whom在从句中只作宾语，可被who取代。
9、whose作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语。如：
Do you know Mr.Smith whose story is very moving ?
There is a room, whose window faces the river.
There is a room, the window of which faces the river.
10、关系代词as,在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。
（1）先行词被such和the same修饰，或句型as many（much）中，从句都用as 引导。
Such books as you bought are useful.
The school is just the same as it was 10 years age.
注意：区别①such … that … 引导的结果状语从句。They are such lovely children that we love them much.②the same … that … 引导定语从句。I want to use the same tool that you used just now.
（2）无先行词的定语从句用as和which引导。
区别：①意义上：as 含有“这点正如……一样”。②位置上：as 从句可置句首，也可在另处。
He didn’t pass the exam, as we had expected.
There is lots of air in loose snow, which can keep the cold out.
As is known, the earth is round, not flat.
11、关系副词when与where、why、that
when 指时间 = in / at / on / during which
where指地点 = in / at / from / which
why指原因 = for which
当先行词为way、day、reason、time时，可用that作关系副词。（非正式场合）
I don’t like the way that / in which / he talks.
当time作先行词时，关系词可以省掉。
This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French.
12、必须注意的问题
（1）关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。
（2）注意区别定语从句与强调句。
①定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。
②强调it无意义，that / who不是引导词。
③强调it is / was和that / who后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。
It is the museum that / which we visited last year.(定语从句)
It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.（强调句）
（3）定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
①定语从句引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。
②同位语从句引导词被叫做连词，that不能充当任何成分，不可省。
Word came that their army was defeated.(同位语)
We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定语)
（4）关系词在从句中省略的情况。
①关系词作宾语，前无介词时。
②关系词作表语。
（5）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的翻译。
（6）关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是which和whom。
（7）几个特殊的定语从句句型：
①He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks
in the match.（句中one为先行词）
He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.（句中students为先行词）
②Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday?
Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday ?
③He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.
④It may rain, in which case the match will be put off.
二、精典名题导解
选择填空
1. The film brought the hours back to me _________ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.（NMET 2001）
A. until B. that C. when D. where
解析：答案为C。本题考查分隔定语从句的关系词的选择。作好本题的关键是要能辨认出该定语从句的先行词the hours和关系词被介词短语to me所分隔。定语从句的先行词是表时间的名词hours, 并且关系词在从句中用作状语，故应选择表示时间的关系副词when。
2. ___________ is known to everybody, the noon travels around the earth once every month. (NMET 2001)
A. It B. As C. That D. What
解析：答案为B。本题考查as引导的非限制定语从句。as作“正如……”解时，引导的非限制性定语从句来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时，常用于下列短语：as is known、as is said、as is reported、as is announced等。要注意掌握作关系代词引导定语从句的用法。
3. After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ___________ he grew up as a child. (NMET 1996)
A. which B. where C. that D. when
解析：答案为B。本题考查限制性定语从句中关系词的选择。定语从句的先行词是表示地点的名词短语the small town, 且关系词不作定语从句中的主语和宾语而作地点状语，因此定语从句必须用关系副词where引导。要注意分清先行词在从句中充当的成分，然后选择适当的关系词。
4. The English play my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which
解析：答案为C。考定语从句。主句部分应是The English play at the New Year’s party was a great success.从句补全为独立句子应是my students acted in the play。所以应选in which，其余介词不妥。
5. There were dirty marks on her trousers she had wiped her hands.
A. where B. which C. when D. that
解析：答案为A。本题考地点状语从句，用where引导。句意是“她的裤子上她擦过手的地方有脏痕”。此处不能用时间状语从句，排除C，本题易被误认为考定语从句，意为“在她擦过手的裤子上有脏痕”。定语从句修饰trousers，也只能用where。B和D可引导定语从句，但只作主、宾等成分。定语从句缺少状语，不缺主语、宾语，故不可用。
6. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, the sailing time was 226 days.
A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which
解析：答案为A。本题考定语从句，关系代词which指代the journey，定语从句恢复为独立句子应是：The sailing time of the journey was 226 days,故选of which。